'Anything on Earth that can't be found in the rest o' the solar system?

[Ranchoth]

...as many of you know, it's a common theme in Science Fiction for aliens to come to Earth, seeking to strip our planet of all it's precious resources. Metal ore, hydrogen, etc. But, as many critics have noted, much of those resources can be just as easily found in other places in the solar system, such as the asteroid belt, and could be taken without a fight, and without dealing with such a pesky gravity well to fire the goods out of.

So, that leaves me to wonder...are there any particular resources on Earth that can't be found elsewhere in the solar system? Elements? Materials?

The only things I can think of, off the bat, would be manpower, and a climate to grow food. Maybe even whatever you could make from petroleum, but I imagine that a spacefaring civilization would be able to make plastic just as easily from raw elements.

So, can anyone think of anything else that could be of value, "here"?


Ranchoth

[Cillasi]

slave labor??

[tastycorn]

Art?

[eburacum45]

The Earth has plenty of oxygen, nitrogen and water, volatiles which are hard to find in the inner solar system...it is also close enough to the sun for slar energy to be useful.
If you arrived in our solar system from interstellar space energy and volatiles would be the first thing you would need to sustain biological life.
Of course energy and volatiles could also be extracted from the Jupiter system, where there is a powerful magnetic field and icy moons to utilise, so Earth is not indispensible in that regard.

To find something really valuable I suggest the aliens should look into the minds of the human population-
we dream, and imagine, and hope, and believe things which would be totally unique to the human species...
if the aliens could not directly access our dreams, they might make do with second best, and simply syndicate our television shows-
they will never have seen anything like the Simpsons on Alpha Centauri, for instance.
unless they have a really big tv dish
__________________
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[antechinus]

Earth is a wealthy source of accessible liquid water. The value of this resource is that it is necessary for 'life as we know it'.

[Polycarp]

Well, aside from biological and human products (note that the Earth has the largest store in the solar system of the element plutonium, thanks to breeder reactors!), there are a few things:

Aside from the remote possibility of Europa and Callisto, we have the only known reservoir of liquid water. Granted H2O is common in the form of ice, there are advantages to having the liquid.

21% of the Earth's atmosphere is O2. So far as I'm aware, elemental oxygen is available only in trace amounts elsewhere. (This is probably biogenic in origin.) We're the second most concentrated source of argon, the Martian atmosphere being 1.5% argon to our 1.0%.

Non-aeoligenic sedimentary rocks -- where else are they to be found?

I don't know enough about cosmic abundances of them to be certain, but I have a strong hunch that many of the heavy metals (past iron on the periodic table) are more common on Earth's surface than they are on accessible elsewheres, thanks to the fact that we have active mantle convection, plate tectonics, and such that encourage active vulcanism thrusting concentrations of them to the surface.

[aeropl]

We have huge amounts of life, that's found nowhere else (so far). Life could be a resource for aliens, sort of like the scheme in The Matrix.

[Swagman]

Politicians (Hopefully!)

[Q.E.D.]

Actually, wouldn't space be the BEST place for politicians? Just sayin'.

[Nanoda]

Little rubber sucker things to hold your drink bulb to the hull?
K, no, nm
Well, you did see Predator (http://us.imdb.com/Title?0093773), didn't you?

[jromz03]

lawyers

[CelraySoda]

Hmm...Maybe natural silk, honey, ivory or any other Earth animal products. (That is, if there isn't a Martian Honey Toad, Venusian Silk Tree or the Mammoth Tusked Uraniian Burrowing Shrew.) Just a thought.
-M

[Urban Ranger]

Originally posted by aeropl
Life could be a resource for aliens, sort of like the scheme in The Matrix.

What, using humans as energy generators?

No, that does not work. It is decidedly unscientific.

[eburacum45]

Life as a resource for aliens. hmmm. The battery idea is so laughably absurd, it makes me want to start a thread about what annoy me in the Matrix- (or is there one already?)

But like on Earth could be a resource in a positive way... the animals, plants, monera and so on of our world contain DNA patterns which have evolved spontaneously over a billion years or more-
this represents a billion years of spontaneous information processing.
Earth's DNA could be nondestructively harvested, and used to create ecosystems all over the galaxy.
Given the chance, that is what I would do, both with Earth's DNA and that of any other lifebearing planet discovered in the exploration of the galaxy.
Freeman Dyson has called it the 'greening of the galaxy'.
__________________
SF worldbuilding at
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[scr4]

Fossil fuel.

[Mangetout]

Anuses to probe?

'sentience' is probably the best answer - if we ever make contact with a sentient extraterrestrial race (and I suspect it will be radio contact, if anything ever at all, which rather limits the options), it is the exchange of ideas that will be most valued, in my opinion.

[Doc Nickel]

To expand on Mangetout's post, I agree, life or ideas.

I've always wondered, in a limited way, about advanced civilizations "losing" technology. The common joke is how in the future of Star Trek, they've forgotten how to put a circuit breaker in line between the main systems and the bridge consoles. :D

I can easily see some hugely advanced race having, say, some difficulty with mild background radiation degrading their opto-holo data matrix or something, looking at a CD for example, and thinking "hey, we don't have to have the lasers continually rewriting the information, we can encode it on a substrate for later reading!"

Or the race having Borg-like personal sheilds that will repel or absorb any known form of weapon energy... "But sir, they have something that fires bits of actual matter at high speeds! They go through the sheilds like they weren't even there!"

I know various books have explored that. I just find it interesting, since we've seen limited versions of the same thing happen here and now. (Old 'technologies' being lost or abandoned as obsolete.)

[Desmostylus]

Mammoth Tusked Burrowing Shrew from Uranus? Ouch.

[Yossarian]

Although there is evidence that Martian volcanic rocks may be as highly evolved as Andesite, there is no evidence that igneous rocks more strongly differentiated than this (e.g., granite, rhyolite, pegmatite, dacite, trachyte, phonolite, etc.) exist anywhere in the solar system except Earth.

Which is No Big Deal unless you consider that it is in these strongly differentiated rocks where many economically important elements are concentrated (e.g., Au, Ag, Nb, Ta, Zr, F, REE, Cu, Mo, Rb, U, Th)!

This isn't to say that these elements don't exist elsewhere--they do, but they are dissimiated and although certainly present in the bulk of the planet in chondritic abundances similar to the Earth, are probably nowhere else concentrated because geologic mechanisms that would concentrate them (and create the above mentioned rocks) simply haven't had the opportunity to do so as they have had on Earth.

[Podkayne]

Not to be a party pooper, but a lot of the stuff people are mentioning can be easily manufactured. Grab some ice, apply energy (a lot less energy than it would take to descend deep into the Sun's gravity well and climb back out again) and you get liquid water. Perform electrolysis on yer liquid water, and you get all the oxygen that an alien race bent on conquering the Galaxy could hope for.

Pantellerite, I am intrigued! What geological mechanisms concentrate those valuable elements? Something to do with plate tectonics (something that doesn't happen on any other plant in the Solar System.)

[Squink]

THC, atropine, morphine, human chorionic gonadotrophin, cocaine, psilocybin, bufotenin, solanine, bungaroo toxin. Earth is a rich source of peculiar chemicals that might not be found anywhere else in the galaxy. The real pirates of Boskone may find us to be quite a a little treasurehouse.

[Yossarian]

A dangerous question to ask an Igneous Petrologist/Trace-Element Geochemist, Podkayne! I'll try not to put you to sleep.

The primary geochemical mechanisms for concentrating various elements in magmatic systems are fractional crystallization and liquid immiscibility. Plate Tectonic processes have a lot to do with magma generation in the first place, and the effects of Plate Tectonics (e.g., over-thickened crust) have a lot to do with how differentation processes proceed, but Plate Tectonics itself has little to do with how trace-elements concentrate in natural systems.

[toadspittle]

Sushi, pizza, and beer.

[Enola Straight]

Bungaroo toxin?!?

[Lodrain]

Originally posted by Enola Straight
Bungaroo toxin?!?

Used primarily to kill inflatable kangaroos, with a possible application in the cosmetic field. No known antidote, but its LD50 is one of the most variable known to man.

[jonpluc]

Brittany Spears, although except to look at her, her value is dubious.

[Grey]

Sedimentary rocks and clays. Unless you've had liquid water running over stone you won't get much.

[RiverRunner]

There are all kinds of things here that extraterrestrial aliens might find useful. I get scads of e-mail messages about them every day. I even got one today for cast-iron Christmas tree stands.


RR

[Isosleepy]

Spam! No way there's spam anywhere else.

[eburacum45]

Originally posted by Pantellerite
A dangerous question to ask an Igneous Petrologist/Trace-Element Geochemist, Podkayne! I'll try not to put you to sleep.

The primary geochemical mechanisms for concentrating various elements in magmatic systems are fractional crystallization and liquid immiscibility.

Interesting, the Earth is obviously special place.
Then again, how about Io?
There might be some of these concentrating processes going on there.

And don't the asteroids contain most minerals and elements in a less concentrated but more accessisble state- i.e. not trapped on a 1-gee planet?

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http://www.orionsarm.com/main.html

[ianzin]

Penn & Teller created a brilliant short movie for TV which addresses a question very similar to the OP. I think it's brilliant, but if you haven't seen it don't read the spoiler box.


I haven't seen it for a long time so my recall will be imperfect, but it goes something like this. Aliens are threatening to wipe out Earth unless we can prove that we Earthlings are a worthwhile species and we should be allowed to survive. We try to prove this in various ways, none of which impress the aliens. Then someone does a magic trick, and says it's done with 'invisible thread', and makes the claim that we should be allowed to survive because we've advanced to the stage where we can invent invisible thread.

We, the viewers, know that the trick is not, actually, done with invisible thread and that there's no such thing anyway (this is all explained in the movie in typical P&T style). However, the hope is that the aliens will be impressed by our amazing invention of 'invisible thread'.

In the end, the aliens crush our plans by revealing they are well aware that the trick was done by other means, and that all the stuff about 'invisible thread' was just bogus. However, they decide to let us live because we're the only species in the universe that would have the imagination to come up with a concept as ludicrous as 'invisible thread' and the audacity to expect anyone else to believe it.

[Padeye]

The shaving cream atom? Buxom Hollywood starlets? Earth girls are easy you know.

[Squink]

Originally posted by Enola Straight
Bungaroo toxin?!? Oops, that's lab-slang. The intergalactic drug-lords would actually plunder the earth for our rich supply of bungarotoxin (http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&safe=off&as_qdr=all&q=+%22bungarotoxin%22&spell=1).

[manhattan]

Originally posted by scr4
Fossil fuel. The atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune are primarily methane, as is that of Saturn's moon Titan. Jupiter has methane, hydrogen and ammonia. All the fuel our would-be conquerers would ever need, assuming they could get a suitible oxidizer.

[USCDiver]

Originally posted by Mangetout
Anuses to probe?

'sentience' is probably the best answer - if we ever make contact with a sentient extraterrestrial race (and I suspect it will be radio contact, if anything ever at all, which rather limits the options), it is the exchange of ideas that will be most valued, in my opinion.


Mangetout, is there a reason why you (and a lot of other scientist) think that communication will be by radio waves? Isn't it possible that extraterrestrials will have different technologies and/or sensitivities to the electromagnetic spectrum? Is there a reason to think that they don't "see" in the infrared range and communicate in UV or something like that?

[commasense]

Split-crotch panties (http://members.fortunecity.com/cfu40bdsm/07monty/tv/03/3510algon.html)

This is the planet Algon, fifth world in the system of Aldebaran, the Red Giant in the constellation of Sagittarius. Here an ordinary cup of drinking chocolate costs four million pounds, an immersion heater for the hot-water tank costs over six billion pounds. and a pair of split-crotch panties would be almost unobtainable.

[Achernar]

Originally posted by USCDiver

Mangetout, is there a reason why you (and a lot of other scientist) think that communication will be by radio waves? Isn't it possible that extraterrestrials will have different technologies and/or sensitivities to the electromagnetic spectrum? Is there a reason to think that they don't "see" in the infrared range and communicate in UV or something like that?
I could be wrong, but I believe that radio waves are much less vulnerable to insterstellar absorption than UVs or opticals are. Why do you think we communicate using radio waves?

[Ale]

Marble... aliens would get crazy about it, would trade antimatter weight to weight for it... at least if they have any artistic or aestetic sense :D

[CelraySoda]

I, too have seen that movie about the "Magic Trick." It had Dan Akroyd in it. We impressed the aliens and saved humanity with a booger, if I recall. It had some pretty spooky parts to it.
-M

[Lemur866]

I think Pantellerite is on to something. Earth is the most massive rocky body in our solar system, although Venus comes close. So there are bound to be some unique geologic processes here. Of course, orbiting Sirius A is Jinx, which is a rocky body 2.5 times as massive as earth. If the aliens were smart they'd go there instead.

Volatiles are much much more easily obtained in the outer solar system. You wouldn't want to ship liquid water anyway. Just let it stay below 0C and it's as easy as transporting rocks.

There won't be much free O2 anywhere except on planets with ecosystems. But oxygen itself is very common. After hydrogen and helium, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen are the most common elements in the universe. Which means methane, ammonia, and water are the most common compounds in the universe. Nobody is coming to earth looking for water or natural gas.

[netscape 6]

wood

wooden furniture would be quite the novelity to someone who has never seen it.

[jonpluc]

Originally posted by netscape 6
wood

wooden furniture would be quite the novelity to someone who has never seen it.

That would assume that thier bodies had any use whatsoever for the shape we use for furniture.

[Ficer67]

All of you are on to something. Whoever said, "Slave Labor," probably has the most right idea. But, people on our planet pay alot of money for entertainment. And, what could be more entertaining than to see a bunch of off-worlders do wierd things that only off-worlders do. So whoever mentioned themes along the lines of "Cultural Diversity," probably has a good thing going. All of the popular movie themes to-date are viariants of these two ideas. There are no naturally occurring materials on Earth that cannot be found easier elsewhere in space, but the labor required to process these commodities can only be found on life-supporting planets like the Earth. Then the entertainment value of watching Earthlings suffer, triumph, and manipulate each other for power wealth and glory, (especially glory) would amuse other races just like it amuses us.

[Lord Ashtar]

As far as I know, Earth is the only place in the solar system which contains cellular phones that can send text messages and movie clips.

[Derleth]

Originally posted by jonpluc
That would assume that thier bodies had any use whatsoever for the shape we use for furniture. Even if they are aquatic beings with no use for furniture as we make it whatsoever, wood is still an interesting material to a species from a planet with no trees. After all, it's rigid without needing a calcium or silicon matrix (as in coral or rocks).

[kniz]

:D The Hula Hoop

[eburacum45]

I'm sorry, but I don't get the slavery thing...
assuming that the aliens have automatic control systems on their ship, they would almost certainly have the ability to produce robotic mining equipment
- for mining asteroids, robots would be far superior to humans
if the aliens wanted to mine the Earth for these concentrated igneous minerals, they would be better off using their own robots than humans- who get tired, eat and drink and excrete, and are really only useful as control systems for big dumb machines anyway.

I am assuming that the aliens use artificial intelligence, which is very likely to be developed in the same timescale as interstellar travel.

Some species of aliens would never develop electronic intelligence, perhaps- these species would probably use biological intelligence to control and monitor their systems.

- if this biological intelligence has been modified to control complicated systems, perhaps by genetic engineering, it will be intrinsically better at performing the tasks that humans might be enslaved to do- say mining gold , uranium or molybdenum using heavy machinery.

You see, I think it is absurd that the Daleks, or the Cardassians, or the Thrints would come to this planet to make the population work in mines with pick-axes;
if they have got this far, hey probably don't need manual labour.

Now enslaving the Earth's population to produce cultural artifacts, that I can imagine... we might be required to produce scrimshaw, hand made wooden furniture, hula hoops, soap operas, anime, Michael Jackson CD's, Harry Potter DVD's...
__________________
SF worldbuilding at
http://www.orionsarm.com/main.html

[commasense]

...or split-crotch panties?

[scr4]

Originally posted by eburacum45
I'm sorry, but I don't get the slavery thing...
assuming that the aliens have automatic control systems on their ship, they would almost certainly have the ability to produce robotic mining equipment
But we humans already have non-robotic mining equipment as well as workers trained to operate those equipment. It might be easier and more efficient to say "bring us 100 tons of uranium or we blow up New York" than to deploy their own mining robots.

[DreadCthulhu]

Originally posted by Lemur866
Of course, orbiting Sirius A is Jinx, which is a rocky body 2.5 times as massive as earth. If the aliens were smart they'd go there instead.



Yeh, but then they would have to deal with the bandersnatchi.

[CelraySoda]

How about totally blasting Earth away with Vogon constructor fleets just to make way for the new Hyperspatial Express Route? No fighting, complaing or anything like that...just for the space Earth takes up?
-M
(I hope some of you out there get this..)

[Desmostylus]

Well now, if you'd said "Hyperspace Bypass" instead of "Hyperspatial Express Route", I might have understood. As it is, it just goes straight over my head. ;)

[CelraySoda]

Then how about towels? I'm sure the Macy's new line soft
terri-cloth spring colors would be a great asset to any alien race.
-M

[Yossarian]

Originally posted by eburacum45
And don't the asteroids contain most minerals and elements in a less concentrated but more accessisble state- i.e. not trapped on a 1-gee planet?

Actually, it's the opposite.

Both the Earth and the Asteroids have the same bulk composition--essentially that of Carbonaceous Chondrites. The major difference is that the Earth is FAR more "differentiated", which is evidenced by the fact that on the Earth there is an incredible variety of different rock types (some of which include extremely high concentrations of rarer elements) whereas Asteroids and other inner planets are basically iron-nickel (core) + basalt/metabasalt (crust) +/- anorthosite (moon) +/- basaltic andesite (Mars). It's the extreme ends of differentiation processes operating only on Earth that are responsible for concentrating these elements into economic orebodies.

[eburacum45]

And Io?

[Yossarian]

Io is certainly more differentiated than most other planets (http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/BrowseTheGeologicSolarSystem/IoBack.html), but probably still not as much as Earth. OTOH, we don't really know yet!

[Podkayne]

Originally posted by Pantellerite
A dangerous question to ask an Igneous Petrologist/Trace-Element Geochemist, Podkayne! I'll try not to put you to sleep.

Don't worry. I'm a planetary astronomer. This means that even though I wouldn't know olvine if it walked up and bit me on the ass, but I can identify it from its near infrared spectrum. I can also bear moderate amounts of chemistry before eventually nodding off. :)


The primary geochemical mechanisms for concentrating various elements in magmatic systems are fractional crystallization and liquid immiscibility. Plate Tectonic processes have a lot to do with magma generation in the first place, and the effects of Plate Tectonics (e.g., over-thickened crust) have a lot to do with how differentation processes proceed, but Plate Tectonics itself has little to do with how trace-elements concentrate in natural systems.

But, fractional crystallization and fluid immiscibility must happen everywhere there's magma, no? What would make Earth (and if my reasoning is correct, every differentiated planet) unique is the particular profile of temperature and pressure conditions present in the interior, right?

How does Earth differ from Venus, then, which has a similar size and composition (but, obviously, radically different geological processes)?

eburacu45, I'd expect Io to have a whole different suite of minerals at its surface because, while it is differentiated like Earth, its composition is quite different because it formed farther from the Sun where there were a lot more solid volatiles like water ice and sulfur compounds. Also, its heating history is very different (its heat comes primarily from tidal flexing due to Jupiter, while Earth's comes mostly from the heat of accretion and the decay of radioactive isotopes) and Io is much smaller than Earth, so interior pressures would be lower. (Maybe I'm overestimating the importance of pressure differences, though.)

[eburacum45]

Volatiles are separated by heat = distance from the Sun, that is well known, but-
Do you suppose that the entire solar system might have worked as a diferentiation machine?
Mercury is extraordinarily dense, for it's size- do you think there could be more heavy elements in the innermost planets, which could mean that each world really has something different to offer to the alien or indeed the human prospector?
__________________
SF worldbuilding at
http://www.orionsarm.com/main.html

[Scupper]

Originally posted by eburacum45
You see, I think it is absurd that the Daleks, or the Cardassians, or the Thrints would come to this planet to make the population work in mines with pick-axes;
if they have got this far, hey probably don't need manual labour.


Well, I can't comment on Daleks or Cardassians, but the reason the Thrints did it was because it was basically their only talent. If any sci-fi race epitomizes the concept of "one-trick pony," I'm not aware of it. They weren't even all that bright. Without the tnuctipun(sp?), they'd have been in serious trouble.

[Scupper]

Er, that should read "... better eptiomizes ..."

[Lemur866]

Yes, the Thrints didn't even invent space travel themselves. Some poor bastard explorers visited Thrintun and were instantly enslaved. Of course, this doesn't explain exactly how the Slavers evolved telepathic mind control in the first place, given that there were no species on Thrintun that their mind control could work on. Hey, maybe HUMANS have irresistable mind control powers over sentient beings that don't work on other humans. The first time the Vulcans or Cardassians land on Earth, BLAM!

[Yossarian]

Originally posted by Podkayne

But, fractional crystallization and fluid immiscibility must happen everywhere there's magma, no? What would make Earth (and if my reasoning is correct, every differentiated planet) unique is the particular profile of temperature and pressure conditions present in the interior, right?

How does Earth differ from Venus, then, which has a similar size and composition (but, obviously, radically different geological processes)?


Re: the first paragraph, not necessarily. That a magma exists simply demonstrates that the first differentiation process, partial melting (which is sorta the opposite of fractional crystallization (FC), has taken place. Once a melt forms, it may not differentiate further. If you partially melt a peridotite you will create a basaltic magma. The basalt may evolve a bit more via FC processes, but not enough to significantly concentrate any of our rarer ("incompatible") trace-elements. Liquid Immiscibility doesn't even kick in until later, and only then if there is enough of some liquid (a carbonate, sulfate, or aqueous phase) in the first place!

I'd have more to say, but I'm freshly back from a successful fishing trip and MUST shower after I go clean my bounty! Perhaps tomorrow, if the thread still exists...

[CelraySoda]

I'm sure that there is a race of strong armed aliens more useful for manual labor than us humans...we are too fragile, need to sleep and we require too much food/water/necessities, etc. That's why the Draks were better in Alien Mine. All humor aside...if I had to name one thing that would be a point of interest to an Alien race to steal from Earth would be our ocean food supply to restock (that is if they are carbon based and need proteins and fats). That's the best I can come up with...what do you think?
-M

[eburacum45]

Jeepers, it would be very unlikely that the alien race would be able to eat earth food easily...
they could have entirely different metabolisms, different proteins, amino acids and enzymes,
and even more likely they might have salts and trace element requirements or sensitivities that are either not met by our fish and other biota, or even render our biota poisonous to them.

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[Podkayne]

Originally posted by eburacum45
Volatiles are separated by heat = distance from the Sun, that is well known, but-
Do you suppose that the entire solar system might have worked as a diferentiation machine?
Mercury is extraordinarily dense, for it's size- do you think there could be more heavy elements in the innermost planets, which could mean that each world really has something different to offer to the alien or indeed the human prospector?


You do find a greater fraction of lighter elements incorporated in planets the farther out you go in the Solar System, but not because the elements are lighter, per se.

The farther you get from the Sun, the more volatile compounds can exist as solids, and if you're going to build planets, you need solid compounds. Now, volatile compounds, in practice, are made of lighter elements.

The less volatile comounds (the refractories), which are solid even at high temperatures, could therefore be found solid anywhere in the presolar nebula, and are therefore found in all the planets.

The reason that Mercury is so dense is that it lacks the more volatile compounds. So if you had a giant machine that ground up planets and allowed you to extract all the elements, and you were looking for heavy elements, you'd wan't to go to Mercury because it has less "junk" (lighter elements) mixed in. However, a perhaps more interesting question is, does Mercury have heavy elements available in a useful form at its surface? Which is what I think Pantellerite is getting at.

[Yossarian]

Exactly, Podkayne. Everything in the solar system has basically the same bulk composition (plus or minus certain volatiles): that of a carbonaceous chondrite meteorite. (Yes, even the sun, if you subtract H + He, has a chondritic composition!)

The difference is what has happened since the planets and planetesimals initially accreted from the solar nebula (whose non-volatile composition is represented by the CC meteorites). Most apparently differentiated at least some during the first billion years or so of the solar system, creating planetary cores of Fe + Ni and a basaltic crust--but that's about as far as they went. Only on Earth have these differentation process continued (driven by the plate tectonics) and even more evolved igneous rocks formed--evolved igneous rocks that contain economic concentrations of rare elements that are incompatible with all common mineral phases.

So, as far as bulk composition is concerned, yes all the solar system pretty much has everything. However, as far as DISTRIBUTION of these elements is concerned, with the probable exception of Fe + Ni (since planets and protoasteroid planetesimals did form a core), everywhere else most of the rarer elements are still disseminated and only on Earth do we find rocks (e.g., granite, pegmatite, carbonatite) where they have been concentrated.