I’m going to just throw out a whole bunch personal favourites since you really didn’t specify any preferences for artist or style. Hopefully I’ve included a healthy mix of genres and eras:
You can’t go wrong with early New Orleans Jazz as pioneered by Jelly Roll Morton, Louis Armstrong, Bix Beiderbecke, et al. This will give you solid grounding for exploring later styles. Look for Armstrong’s Hot Fives and/or Hot Sevens compilation releases. Excellent stuff.
I’m a big fan of swing/stride piano so if you’re into that sort of thing, Art Tatum is the man. Almost as awesome are Teddy Wilson and Fats Waller.
As for Big Band Swing, Duke Ellington (possibly my all-time favourite jazz composer) is essential listening as are Benny Goodman, Count Basie, and Tommy Dorsey. Glenn Miller is also good but he never rose to the heights of the the ones I listed before.
Moving on to the bop of the late '40s and early ‘50s, the three most important names are Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker and Miles Davis. Parker and Gillespie’s recordings together on cuts like Salt Peanuts are seminal bop. Gillespie also was a prime innovator of big band Latin jazz and A Night in Tunisia and Manteca were huge hits. Davis’ The Birth of Cool defined the cool jazz sound which emphasized more relaxed and romantic rhythms as a counterpoint the
The huge burst of creativity continued throughout the '50s which saw the development of free jazz, hard bop, modal jazz, etc. My favourite recordings in these genres come from John Coltrane, Horace Silver, Art Blakey and Sun Ra.
The early '60s saw the bossanova craze with Stan Getz, Antonio Carlos Jobim and Vince Guaraldi being a few of the biggest voices. Moving through the '60s you see the development of fusion and later, (ugh) smooth jazz.
Some of my favourite recordings from the '40s, '50s and ‘60s:[ul][li]Duke Ellington: The Great Summit: Armstrong & Ellington, Ellington at Newport (1956) (Paul Gonsalves’ tenor solo nearly started a riot!)[/li][li]The Quintet (Charlie Parker, Bud Powell, Charles Mingus, Dizzy Gillespie, Max Roach): At Massey Hall (legendary live performance).[/li][li]Ellington, Mingus, Roach: Money Jungle[/li][li]Dizzy Gillespie: Afro, At Newport[/li][li]Miles Davis: Birth of Cool, Kind of Blue, Workin’, Steamin’, Cookin’, Sketches of Spain[/li][li]Canonball Adderly: Somethin’ Else (contains my favourite version of Autumn Leaves feat. Miles Davis)[/li][li]Oscar Peterson: Night Train (Hymn to Freedom is a soulful masterpiece), Canadiana Suite, The Oscar Peterson Trio + One.[/li][li]Charles Mingus: Mingus Ah Um, Mingus Dynasty, Mingus at Antibes, Let My Children Hear Music, Blues & Roots, Oh Yeah!, The Black Saint And The Sinner Lady (I love this guy too much to narrow it down)[/li][li]Vince Guaraldi: Jazz Impressions of Black Orpheus, any and all of the Charlie Brown soundtracks. Seriously.[/li][li]John Coltrane: Blue Train, A Love Supreme, Ellington and Coltrane, Giant Steps[/li][li]Horace Silver: Song for my Father[/li][li]Lee Morgan: Sidewinder[/li]Stan Getz: Getz/Gilberto, Jazz Samba[/ul]Holy crap! This started out as just a simple list but has ballooned incredibly the more I think about the topic. I think I’ll continue with the modern era in the next post.