Two of the things I came in to observe, the Ferengi and their Grand Negus, have already been mentioned.
It’s pretty clear to me that in The Original Series they left writers to pretty much make up their own names. Aside from a discussion about what Vulcan names should be (mostly “beginning with Sp- and ending with -k”, leading to a hilarious interchange of memos that’s reproduced in the book The Making of Star Trek*), I don’t recall reading anything dictating alien names. The aforementioned “Elaan of Troyius” shows what can happen.
Another example is “Mr. Atoz” the librarian in “All Our Yesterdays”. It took me years to realize that his name is simply “Mr. A to Z”, rendered simply as “Atoz”.
*They didn’t stick with the “p”, but kept the "S’ at the beginning and “k” at the end, witness Sarek, Saavik, etc.
Has anyone else noticed that, if an alien race is friendly to us, they will usually pronounce the name of our species as we do, “Hyoo-m(schwa)n,” but if they are more on the hostile side, it will be more like “Hoo-mon”?
(I suppose that, if they were addressing Scotty, it would be “Hoot Mon!”)
This keeps getting mentioned as an example of lay name-creation. It always seemed to me that, if you’re trying to write a SciFi future homage to ancient Greek classics (and stick your slut-of-a-ship-captain in the middle of it) you need to somehow reference the original tales so viewers who aren’t schooled in The Classics can get some kind of a clue–if they bother to look for it.
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IOW: I don’t think that was a lazy mistake; it was a hint.
–G!
Picard: What makes you think she’s a doctor?
Worf: Well, she turned me into a Klingon
Picard: A Klingon?
Worf: {meekly, after a long pause} … I got better.
Crew: {shouts} Burn her anyway!
I’ve not heard that with respect to the names or looks of the races. But it is something that happened with respect to the space ships. One episode of Romulans has them flying Klingon Bird of Preys. The kludge answer is that the Romulans were obviously buying weapons from the Klingons in some sort of complicated arms deal.
It should be relegated to fan-fic. Alas, it is canon from Enterprise.