Partly…but also, the cities that WOULD have developed along the south shore of Lake Ontario, developed instead along the Erie Canal, twenty or so miles to the south (inland), a critical trade corridor in the 1800s.
We live in what is called the ‘snow belt’. We’re on that strip of land with Great Lakes north and south of us and receive record amounts of snow often as a result.
Cold arctic air blowing down over yet unfrozen huge lakes pick up tons of moisture. When that system hits land it dumps snow and lots of it! Streamers coming off the lake, carrying heavy snow, sometimes just stall in place, instead of blowing onward, causing really heavy snowfall.
This effect is doubled when there are huge lakes both north and south. Whichever way the wind is blowing, it’s probably bringing snow!
So, yeah, def meteorological region.
Canadian province are enormous, so can have wildly different weather depending where you are. My province, Ontario, is bigger than Egypt or Pakistan. It’s almost twice as big as Ukraine. The weather in the northernmost pats of the province is subarctic, while in the southernmost part, there are vineyards and wineries. Quebec is bigger still, and the northern part is honest-to-god tundra, with the south being temperate.
I’m not sure, though, that weather is specifically the reason for most common regional distinctions. It’s usually geography - you might live in the Ottawa Valley, or BC’s Lower Mainland, or
Yeah; even a little area like PA. We have three distinct snow/weather-lines depending on which way the wind blows that just happen to be along major roadways so if you are north of 90, north of 80, north or 90 your weather will vary and you know just how. Weather in the western half of the state is mostly east/west. Since the mountains separate us into an distinct east/west with the eastern half of the state being more north-south in terms of weather. Half the state is coastal and the other half “lake effect”.
I live in Wisconsin, and we have 3 main meteorological regions: the lakeshore (anywhere on the eastern side of the state that runs along Lake Michigan, from Marinette to Milwaukee to the Illinois border), the north woods (basically the northern half of the state, away from the lake) and “southern” Wisconsin. The north woods is primarily, well, wooded, and considerably cooler than the farmland in the south. The lake shore often has lake effect cooling, snow, etc. that makes them distinct from their neighbors 50 miles west.
The differences between the Eastern and Western halves of Washington State (the dividing line being the Cascades) are so large climate/culture/political/economy wise I wouldn’t know where to start. Oregon is in the same boat.
Oh come on, there are trees in southern Saskatchewan. There’s that one just north of Swift Current, for example!
*I’m not actually making this up. Ask people in Swift Current about The Tree (it’s important to say it with capital letters) and they’ll know exactly what you’re talking about. Unfortunately for the story, it’s far from the only tree about, and it’s actually not that easy to find a spot where it looks as lonely as it reputedly is. Not impossible, however. Just don’t pan to the left.
Well, yeah. I can’t let you have everything. 
There’s a mountain range running straight through the state of Washington (it also goes into BC & Oregon) that divides the state into “Eastern Washington” and “Western Washington.” Because of the range, Western Washington has rainforest and Eastern Washington has desert. It can be jarring when you drive from one side to the other and the landscape completely flips on you.
There are sub regions as well, but that’s the very big, very impossible to miss one.
I don’t pay attention to anything else about various areas of my state, but I have noticed that the valley that Boise is in gives it a somewhat unique climate relative to the rest of Idaho: temperate with rather a lot of meteorological inversions. This is distinct from the rest of Idaho which I think of as “buried in snow”.
Of course I gained these impressions over years of living here and now with global warming kicking in things might be different out there.
I don’t think so. New Hampshire is further broken into ten counties, but the divisions don’t really seem to be meteorological in nature.
The UP of course has bitter winter weather. In the Lower Peninsula, basically you have a band about 30 miles wide along the Lake Michigan shoreline that gets much more snow than the rest of the LP, but also is blessed with cooler summers and milder winter temps. The snow in the UP is colder and lighter, leading those without blowers to buy shovels with quite large and scooped blades known as “Yooper scoopers”. Inside the snow band you need to either be quite fit for shoveling or you need a decent blower, in the interior you can get by with a shovel most of the time.
In Kansas the west tends to be flatter and windier and dryer than the east. Drive across Kansas on I70 and past Topeka you start seeing windmills everywhere. Why? The wind, coming off the rocky mountains, blows almost constantly.
Then we get this weird effect called the “Tonganoxie Split”. Its a weird phenomenon that seems to happen around Tonganoxie Kansas where weather patterns split north and south. So here in Kansas City snow and rain coming west will go north and south of us and then oddly, re pickup to the east. A meteorologist said it has something to do with the jet stream and how weather patterns come off the rockies.
https://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showpost.php?p=21115602&postcount=22
Great minds and all that! 
(You added helpful climate facts).