The reason that some colleges require students to live on campus is for retention purposes. In the higher education research literature, it’s generally acknowledged that students who are academically integrated (going to class, etc.) as well as socially integrated (belonging to clubs, living in a res hall) are the ones that successfully complete degrees.
I went to college in my hometown. Campus is 9 miles from my house, door to door. The vast majority of us from my high school (about seven) commuted. I was the only one who lived in a dorm, while one or two others lived in apartments.
Five years later, I think three of us finished - two commuters and me. One of the commuters’ dad was a professor at another college and hopelessly brilliant. The two friends of mine ranked higher than me in our graduating class didn’t finish in five - one never finished and the other took another two years, when he moved to an apartment near campus.
But without question, I think my experiences of being integrated in the campus community was light years different from my peers. I was an RA, got involved with student government, clubs, Greek stuff, etc. It was pretty easy to do this stuff when you lived across the street from it. I could park my car and do everything - eat, sleep, study, party, play - right there on campus with 15 minutes’ notice. My buddies had to plan stuff. So I could go to the dorm, power nap, and head out for night meetings where my buddies were wiped out after two morning classes… they headed home and sure as hell weren’t coming back at 5 pm for a club meeting.
So many things happen on the spur of the moment at a residential campus, and you end up meeting people at the most random times. In five years, I left a campus of 50,000 feeling like I knew too many people. The campus didn’t seem big to me at all.
Of course, I was an anomaly in a lot of activities - like living in a dorm - because I was from the city. Luckily I was on a scholarship and it paid (mostly) for my room and board, and then I was an RA throughout school. So for me it was a good investment that first year.
I sincerely think that most commuting students have a radically different college experience than residential ones. Now for some, especially older students, that might not matter. But a large number of students want an “experience,” not just classes. That’s what living on campus provides for you.
I’m racking my brain to think of any commuting students that were really involved in the clubs, student government, or the service/leadership stuff I did. None come to mind. I do think it’s possible to get most of this stuff if you live near campus, but not necessarily on campus. We have a variety of apartments, condos, and shitholes right next to campus and I think those kids have access to the same stuff. But living in a uni-affiliated dorm means that programming and information flows much easier than living on your own. In a dorm it’s easy to knock on somebody’s door and head to a meeting (and vice versa); as an off-campus student you have to read bulletin boards and depend on your friends on campus to keep you in the loop.