# Are the male and female brains different?

**URL:** <https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671>\
**Category:** Factual Questions\
**Created:** [June 8, 2018, 11:02am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671 "2018-06-08T11:02:19Z")\
**Posts on this page:** 20\
**Page:** 2

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**Author:** ![naita](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/naita/32/5862_2.png) [@naita](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/naita)\
**Post date:** [June 8, 2018, 6:30pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/21 "2018-06-08T18:30:42Z")

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> [@senoy](#):
>
> The answer is still yes.
> 
> -They are different sizes on average.  
> -The right half of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex of men is more active than in women  
> -Women have more grey matter and cortical thickness than men and distribution of grey matter is different.  
> -The anterior cinculate cortex is smaller in boys  
> -the neural connections between and within hemispheres are different.  
> -the left side of the hippocampus is more dominant in women and the right side is more dominant in men
> 
> Very, very simplistically, if you stereotype men and women behaviour, lots of it is coming from brain differences. Men are wired to more efficiently process coordination and perception while women process intuition and analysis better. Men have decreased activity and brain volumes in areas of the brain relating to aggression. They have increased activity in areas relating to emotional control.
> 
> If you’re an evolutionary psychologist, you might say- again very simplistically and acknowledging that it’s not completely clear-cut and reduced activity or size in a particular area of the brain does not mean there is no activity in that area - that, “Men’s brains are designed to be aggressive and put a spear through a sternum. Women’s brains are designed to create social cohesion.”

How about posting some sources and the important statistical parameters that can help tell whether an **average** difference between two groups is meaningful for discussing individual behavior? How do the differences in averages compare to the standard deviations for instance?

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**Author:** ![Whack-a-Mole](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/whack-a-mole/32/141_2.png) [@Whack-a-Mole](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Whack-a-Mole)\
**Post date:** [June 8, 2018, 6:36pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/22 "2018-06-08T18:36:01Z")

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> [@naita](#):
>
> Fine, let’s be properly scientific then:
> 
> A vague memory of a severely dumbed down presentation of a researcher you are not naming is not a valuable contribution to fighting ignorance. There’s no accusation of pseudo-science involved in saying that the low fidelity of your presentation makes it worthless, no matter how excellent the original work might be.

It was an anecdote and noted as such. I’m sorry that the notion escapes you.

This is not the New England Journal of Medicine.

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**Author:** ![senoy](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/s/dbc845/32.png) [@senoy](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/senoy)\
**Post date:** [June 8, 2018, 6:51pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/23 "2018-06-08T18:51:59Z")

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> [@naita](#):
>
> How about posting some sources and the important statistical parameters that can help tell whether an **average** difference between two groups is meaningful for discussing individual behavior? How do the differences in averages compare to the standard deviations for instance?

Really? I thought I did a pretty good job of couching my language in understanding I was speaking about averages and that the differences were only if we were looking at things in a very simplistic sense. Regardless, I did some google-fu for you.

> **[How men's and women's brains are different](https://stanmed.stanford.edu/how-mens-and-womens-brains-are-different/)**
>
> The cognitive differences between men and women

> **[Brain Differences Between Genders](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hope-relationships/201402/brain-differences-between-genders)**
>
> Researchers have discovered almost 100 major differences between male and female brains.

[http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/04/study-finds-some-significant-differences-brains-men-and-women](http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/04/study-finds-some-significant-differences-brains-men-and-women)

I could probably JSTOR you some publications if you have access. Brain differences between the genders aren’t particularly controversial and pretty widely accepted at this point.

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**Author:** ![Whack-a-Mole](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/whack-a-mole/32/141_2.png) [@Whack-a-Mole](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Whack-a-Mole)\
**Post date:** [June 8, 2018, 6:58pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/24 "2018-06-08T18:58:51Z")

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> [@senoy](#):
>
> You would be surprised

They were not complaining about potential fraud or p-hacking. They were complaining about what would amount to professional incompetence. Because I related one anecdote rather than her entire body of work they assumed the researcher had a sample size of one pair.

I like to think that the University of Chicago, when overseeing her work, would raise a flag if her research consisted of a sample size of a single pair after years of work.

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**Author:** ![AHunter3](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/ahunter3/32/368_2.png) [@AHunter3](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/AHunter3)\
**Post date:** [June 9, 2018, 3:32pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/25 "2018-06-09T15:32:29Z")

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> [@Der\_Trihs](#):
>
> The male and female brains have very large differences actually. The proportions of white and grey matter varies by as much as a factor of 10 or more, and they are wired together quite differently. Brains scans show that male and female brains perform the same tasks very differently.
> 
> For transgendered people specifically it’s not so much a matter of a _fully_ “male brain in a female body or vice versa”, as it is certain\* specific\* areas of the brain that are apparently vital to gender identity being misgendered.

There is a statistically significant difference between the average male brain and the average female brain but rather than describing it as “large differences”, I would explain it as “there is a whole lot of variation between different male brains and also between different female brains; when male and female brains are compared for statistical sex differences, they turn out to be much smaller than the range of differences found within each sex.”

[But why take _my_ word for it?](http://www.pnas.org/content/112/50/15468.abstract)

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**Author:** ![Chronos](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/chronos/32/134_2.png) [@Chronos](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Chronos)\
**Post date:** [June 9, 2018, 4:18pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/26 "2018-06-09T16:18:28Z")

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Scientific bias can also creep in without any malice. Suppose, for instance, that you’re measuring some physical constant like Newton’s constant. If you do your experiment and it comes out very different from the previously-accepted value, you’re going to go through your work with a fine-toothed comb looking for mistakes. And you’re likely to find them, because there are always mistakes in everything people do. So then you fix those mistakes, and publish. But if you do your experiment and it comes out to close to what you expect, then you’re not going to look as hard for those mistakes, even though there probably are still some, and you publish with the mistakes. And so all of the published values are biased towards what the researchers expected.

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**Author:** ![naita](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/naita/32/5862_2.png) [@naita](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/naita)\
**Post date:** [June 9, 2018, 5:11pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/27 "2018-06-09T17:11:07Z")

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> [@senoy](#):
>
> Really? I thought I did a pretty good job of couching my language in understanding I was speaking about averages and that the differences were only if we were looking at things in a very simplistic sense. Regardless, I did some google-fu for you.
> 
> [How men's and women's brains are different | Stanford Medicine](https://stanmed.stanford.edu/2017spring/how-mens-and-womens-brains-are-different.html)
> 
> [Brain Differences Between Genders | Psychology Today](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hope-relationships/201402/brain-differences-between-genders)
> 
> [http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/04/study-finds-some-significant-differences-brains-men-and-women](http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/04/study-finds-some-significant-differences-brains-men-and-women)
> 
> I could probably JSTOR you some publications if you have access. Brain differences between the genders aren’t particularly controversial and pretty widely accepted at this point.

The point is that even if one acknowledges that these are averages and could explain differences in _average_ behaviour, as long as one neglect including some measures of variability and spread, the impression one is left with is potentially very misleading.

Not a single of the linked articles do anything to remedy that, the closest they do is note that the differences are “significant”, which means one thing when analyzing data, and a different thing when talking about how men as a group and women as a group differ overall.

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**Author:** ![naita](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/naita/32/5862_2.png) [@naita](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/naita)\
**Post date:** [June 9, 2018, 5:14pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/28 "2018-06-09T17:14:23Z")

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> [@Whack-a-Mole](#):
>
> They were not complaining about potential fraud or p-hacking. They were complaining about what would amount to professional incompetence. Because I related one anecdote rather than her entire body of work they assumed the researcher had a sample size of one pair.
> 
> I like to think that the University of Chicago, when overseeing her work, would raise a flag if her research consisted of a sample size of a single pair after years of work.

We still don’t know who the researcher is, or what she’s published. All we know is that what you chose to share was a worthless anecdote. We attacked your post, not this unnamed researcher’s life’s work.

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**Author:** ![Xema](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/x/9de053/32.png) [@Xema](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Xema)\
**Post date:** [June 9, 2018, 7:36pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/29 "2018-06-09T19:36:35Z")

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> [@AHunter3](#):
>
> There is a statistically significant difference between the average male brain and the average female brain but rather than describing it as “large differences”, I would explain it as “there is a whole lot of variation between different male brains and also between different female brains; when male and female brains are compared for statistical sex differences, they turn out to be much smaller than the range of differences found within each sex.”

Indeed.

But even small differences at the mean typically imply large differences at the extreme. If men are on average, say, 10% stronger that women, that certainly is much less than the range of strength between weakest and strongest man.

But then if you look at the, say, 100,000 strongest humans alive, you’ll find that something like 99% of them are male.

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**Author:** ![AHunter3](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/ahunter3/32/368_2.png) [@AHunter3](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/AHunter3)\
**Post date:** [June 9, 2018, 8:22pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/30 "2018-06-09T20:22:10Z")

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> [@Xema](#):
>
> Indeed.
> 
> But even small differences at the mean typically imply large differences at the extreme. If men are on average, say, 10% stronger that women, that certainly is much less than the range of strength between weakest and strongest man.
> 
> But then if you look at the, say, 100,000 strongest humans alive, you’ll find that something like 99% of them are male.

There is no evidence that the most {insert any adjective here} of male brains are a lot more {same adjective} than the most {same adjective} female brains. There’s very little structural difference, but not “none”. Neither transgender people nor the mainstream divergence of male and female experiences can be confidently explained as being due to built in differences in the brain. It _could_ be so but it should definitely not be assumed to be so.

In the case of gender diffs overall, and gender-variance such as you see with genderqueer and transgender people, I’ve given my argument [here](https://ahunter3.livejournal.com/25456.html).

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**Author:** ![Whack-a-Mole](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/whack-a-mole/32/141_2.png) [@Whack-a-Mole](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Whack-a-Mole)\
**Post date:** [June 9, 2018, 8:38pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/31 "2018-06-09T20:38:54Z")

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> [@naita](#):
>
> We still don’t know who the researcher is, or what she’s published. All we know is that what you chose to share was a worthless anecdote. We attacked your post, not this unnamed researcher’s life’s work.

I shared the anecdote because I thought her approach to studying the topic was interesting and (maybe) even unique (comparing men and women with the same brain injuries). It might prompt someone who is interested to Google for more information on it. I just did a [simple search](https://www.google.com/search?q=men+women+same+brain+injury&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8) and sure enough, there is information to be had on it. I consider that a worthwhile post.

For my money it is you, given your responses to me and others, who has unreasonable expectations from a public message board that is not dedicated to medicine. There are probably boards out there dedicated to researchers who will find your stringent requirements refreshing.

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**Author:** ![naita](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/naita/32/5862_2.png) [@naita](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/naita)\
**Post date:** [June 10, 2018, 3:09pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/32 "2018-06-10T15:09:43Z")

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> [@Whack-a-Mole](#):
>
> I shared the anecdote because I thought her approach to studying the topic was interesting and (maybe) even unique (comparing men and women with the same brain injuries). It might prompt someone who is interested to Google for more information on it. I just did a [simple search](https://www.google.com/search?q=men+women+same+brain+injury&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8) and sure enough, there is information to be had on it. I consider that a worthwhile post.
> 
> For my money it is you, given your responses to me and others, who has unreasonable expectations from a public message board that is not dedicated to medicine. There are probably boards out there dedicated to researchers who will find your stringent requirements refreshing.

The fact that discussions on the difference in “male” and “female” brains exaggerate the differences and ignore the massive overlaps is a persistent and real problem. Your anecdote represented what would, if it applied beyond a single case study, be a truly dramatic difference between males and females.

The first page of links from your source show differences in men and women after traumatic brain injuries, yes, but it’s about averages in recovery time, severity and cause of injury, etc. Mainly for concussions, and in part explained by sociological factors, such as tendency to keep playing football after a hard knock or knowing less about the symptoms of concussions due to lower incidence among ones peers.

Interesting, sure, but nowhere near the type of difference your anecdote represented.

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**Author:** ![Xema](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/x/9de053/32.png) [@Xema](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Xema)\
**Post date:** [June 10, 2018, 6:35pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/33 "2018-06-10T18:35:01Z")

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> [@AHunter3](#):
>
> There is no evidence that the most {insert any adjective here} of male brains are a lot more {same adjective} than the most {same adjective} female brains.

Here’s an article that offers such evidence: [Sex difference on spatial skill test linked to brain structure](http://news-releases.uiowa.edu/2008/december/121708spatial-skill.html).

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**Author:** ![naita](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/naita/32/5862_2.png) [@naita](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/naita)\
**Post date:** [June 10, 2018, 8:38pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/34 "2018-06-10T20:38:21Z")

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> [@Xema](#):
>
> Here’s an article that offers such evidence: [Sex difference on spatial skill test linked to brain structure](http://news-releases.uiowa.edu/2008/december/121708spatial-skill.html).

Here’s a quote from that article from a co-author of the study:

> [@](#):
>
> The big question remains whether this is nature or nurture. On the one hand, boys, compared to girls, may have opportunities to cultivate this skill, but if we eventually see both a strong performance and parietal lobe structural difference in children, it would support a biological, not just environmental, effect.

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**Author:** ![Whack-a-Mole](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/whack-a-mole/32/141_2.png) [@Whack-a-Mole](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Whack-a-Mole)\
**Post date:** [June 10, 2018, 9:10pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/35 "2018-06-10T21:10:03Z")

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> [@naita](#):
>
> The fact that discussions on the difference in “male” and “female” brains exaggerate the differences and ignore the massive overlaps is a persistent and real problem. Your anecdote represented what would, if it applied beyond a single case study, be a truly dramatic difference between males and females.

Not sure why. It may be that male and female brains just map a bit differently (to some extent).

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**Author:** ![The\_wind\_of\_my\_soul](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/t/ecc23a/32.png) [@The\_wind\_of\_my\_soul](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/The_wind_of_my_soul)\
**Post date:** [June 21, 2018, 2:26pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/36 "2018-06-21T14:26:51Z")

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> [@Napier](#):
>
> There are two books by the same author, “The Female Brain” and its followup “The Male Brain” that are all about brain gender and differences. Now, they have been strongly criticized for making too definite and neat a case, but the criticism has focused more on the author’s statements about which physical regions of the brain serve what functions. Less of the criticism is about the argument that the two physical sexes have somewhat different typical functioning.

I want to resurrect this thread to add that I just finished reading the book recommended here, _The Female Brain_. And really, most of the differences between male and female behavior are attributed to the effect hormones have on the brain in the book. There is an introduction in the beginning, where it mentions actual physical differences in the brain (like how the male brain is bigger and the female brain has more space dedicated to communication), but after the introduction, it seems to mainly be talking about the brain “marinating” in estrogen or other hormones(seriously, the author loves to use the word marinate), and how the changes in hormone levels affects things.

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**Author:** ![I\_can\_t\_think\_of\_a\_name](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/i/ed8c4c/32.png) [@I\_can\_t\_think\_of\_a\_name](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/I_can_t_think_of_a_name)\
**Post date:** [June 21, 2018, 10:05pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/37 "2018-06-21T22:05:54Z")

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> [@AHunter3](#):
>
> There is a statistically significant difference between the average male brain and the average female brain but rather than describing it as “large differences”, I would explain it as “there is a whole lot of variation between different male brains and also between different female brains; when male and female brains are compared for statistical sex differences, they turn out to be much smaller than the range of differences found within each sex.”
> 
> [But why take _my_ word for it?](http://www.pnas.org/content/112/50/15468.abstract)

In addition to that very important point, there’s also the issue of cause and effect. Human brains have a degree of configurability - does anyone **know** that gendered socialisation (which exists from birth or even from before birth) has **no effect** on brain structure, that the relatively minor average differences between men’s brains and women’s brains (which, to emphasise the key point, are smaller than the variations from person to person) are totally innate and not created to any extent?

A lot of people have a lot invested in the idea that male people and female people are absolutely and fundamentally completely different things, that the entirety of humanity consists of two utterly different group entities and not billions of individuals. I’m very suspicious of anything that “confirms” that position.

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**Author:** ![Trom](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/t/958977/32.png) [@Trom](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Trom)\
**Post date:** [June 21, 2018, 11:22pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/38 "2018-06-21T23:22:05Z")

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> [@AHunter3](#):
>
> There is a statistically significant difference between the average male brain and the average female brain but rather than describing it as “large differences”, I would explain it as “there is a whole lot of variation between different male brains and also between different female brains; when male and female brains are compared for statistical sex differences, they turn out to be much smaller than the range of differences found within each sex.”
> 
> [But why take _my_ word for it?](http://www.pnas.org/content/112/50/15468.abstract)

I looked over the methodology of that study, and though it’s been awhile since I’ve taken a stats class, it immediately didn’t pass the smell test. Their conclusions seemed only to make sense from a very narrow perspective.

There are four letters in response to the article on the same National Academy of Sciences site criticizing the conclusions Joel et al draw. Three of them focus on the statistical methods employed:

[Letter 1 - Multivariate revisit to “sex beyond the genitalia”](http://www.pnas.org/content/113/14/E1966):

> [@](#):
>
> By fitting a linear support vector machine (2) to the voxel-based morphometry data reported in ref. 1 we achieve a cross-validated misclassification rate of about 80% (depending on the random splits). We thus conclude that, whereas the univariate brain attributes (voxel morphometry) are bad predictors of gender, the multivariate brain morphometry is a very good predictor of gender.
> 
> Given our empirical evidence and the multivariate intuition depicted above, we cannot help but disagree with the concluding statement in the abstract of Joel et al. (1), “… human brains do not belong to one of two distinct categories: male brain/female brain” or their statement that “…brains do not fall into two classes, one typical of males and the other typical of females.…”
> 
> A simple multivariate analysis using the same data suggests quite the opposite: Brains are indeed typically male or typically female

[Letter 2 - Patterns in the human brain mosaic discriminate males from females](http://www.pnas.org/content/113/14/E1968)

> [@](#):
>
> Critically, however, the conclusion that human brains cannot be categorized into two distinct classes depends largely on the level of analysis. Although the set of properties that distinguish one category from another is rich and flexible, there is rarely a diagnostic form (e.g., what singular physical characteristic reliably distinguishes cats from dogs?) and there is often substantial within-category variability (e.g., breeds of dogs) (2). The failure of the brain to meet these two requirements does not mean that “human brains cannot be categorized into two distinct classes: male brain/female brain.” In fact, an individual’s biological sex can be classified with extremely high accuracy by considering the brain mosaic as a whole.

[Letter 3 - Joel et al.'s method systematically fails to detect large, consistent sex differences](http://www.pnas.org/content/113/14/E1965)

> [@](#):
>
> As for claim i, the definition of “internal consistency” Joel et al. (1) use is so extreme that, in realistic conditions, it can only generate results consistent with their hypothesis. Via simulations, we systematically varied sample characteristics such as the magnitude of sex differences and correlations among variables. Some of the simulated scenarios were intentionally unrealistic, involving uniformly strong sexual dimorphism and/or extremely high correlations between variables (up to r = 0.90). Despite this, the proportion of “internally consistent” profiles remained low in all conditions. Under more realistic assumptions, the method of Joel et al. (1) virtually always returned the same pattern of results—a preponderance of “substantially variable” profiles, a minority of “intermediate profiles,” and a very small proportion (often close to zero) of “sex-typical” profiles  
> …  
> To further reinforce this point, we applied Joel et al.’s methods to facial morphology features in three species of monkeys (crab-eating macaques, grivets, and tufted capuchins). Our goal was to see what percent of individual monkeys would display internally consistent species-typical profiles of features (2). Across comparisons, only 1.1–5.1% of the monkeys showed consistent “species-typical” profiles, whereas 18.9–25.3% had “intermediate” profiles (as expected based on the extremely large size of species differences, there were no “substantially variable” profiles). If the methods of Joel et al. (1) cannot demonstrate consistency in morphological features that distinguish distinct species, is it any wonder that they cannot demonstrate within-individual consistency in sexually differentiated brain structures and behaviors in humans?

[Joel’s response to the three Letters](http://www.pnas.org/content/113/14/E1969):

> [@](#):
>
> We are glad that our paper (1) raised discussions on the relations between sex and the brain and on our new methodological approach. Clearly, sex affects the brain, as evidenced in differences between brains from females and brains from males in both macroscopic and microscopic features. However, the fact that sex affects the brain does not necessarily entail that there are two distinct types of brains, “male brains” and “female brains,” as there are two distinct types of genitalia (2⇓–4). Answering this question was the aim of our study.

So, it appears they’re saying that they were looking to investigate whether male/female brains were different in the way that penises are not vaginas. I don’t think any reasonable person thought that male brains and female brains were so different as to be entirely different organs.

From my non-neurologist point of view, it appears the current science says that there are differences between the average female brain and the average male brain.

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**Author:** ![I\_can\_t\_think\_of\_a\_name](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/i/ed8c4c/32.png) [@I\_can\_t\_think\_of\_a\_name](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/I_can_t_think_of_a_name)\
**Post date:** [June 22, 2018, 4:00am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/39 "2018-06-22T04:00:52Z")

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There are also differences between an average sub-Saharan African human skull, an average north African human skull and an average human skull from elsewhere in the world. Someone with the relevant knowledge can differentiate them with a high degree of accuracy even just by looking at them. That doesn’t mean that the differences have any significance or that there are 3 distinct types of human skulls.

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**Author:** ![AHunter3](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/ahunter3/32/368_2.png) [@AHunter3](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/AHunter3)\
**Post date:** [June 22, 2018, 5:34pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/are-the-male-and-female-brains-different/815671/40 "2018-06-22T17:34:34Z")

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I’ve read **Trom’s** reply to my post several times but I’m still not clear on what it is that I said that he’s in disagreement with.

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