Yeah, the OP merely asked for “a series of great albums” without further defining what “great” means.
The criterion I myself used was that I myself had to recognize the albums’ greatness and they had to have significant critical acclaim. Unfortunately, there’s nothing similar to “Rotten Tomatoes” for music (AFAIK) by which critical acclaim can be quantified.
find someone with an extensive collection of Rolling Stone
In addition to the 60s streak mentioned above, The Kinks also had a good streak from the late 70s to mid 80s:
Low Budget (1979)
One For The Road (1980)
Give The People What They Want (1981)
State of Confusion (1983)
Word of Mouth (1984)
and even though Dave didn’t play on it, I’d even include the Return to Waterloo soundtrack (1985)
The Replacements had a short but intense 1-2-3 punch I never get tired of listening to:
Let It Be (1984)
Tim (1985)
Pleased To Meet Me (1987)
Cheap Trick’s first 5 albums:
Cheap Trick
In Color
Heaven Tonight
At Budakon
Dream Police
The Ramones’ first 5 albums:
Ramones
Leave Home
Rocket To Russia
Road To Ruin
End of the Century - yes, I like this one too. With the exception of the “Baby I Love You” misfire and the neutered “Rock and Roll High School” rerecording, I think Phil Spector’s overproduction complimented most of the songs, especially “Do You Remember Rock and Roll Radio?” and “Danny Says”
i agree that the 60s groups (especially then and points after) were good strings, it must have been something in the water. though i might change the length on some.
also performers during that era might be in multiple strings in different groups (or guests) or solo (their own groups).
others to include
Paul Butterfield
Neil Young
Jeff Beck
Mothers of Invention/Frank Zappa
Al Kooper
Mike Bloomfield
Steve Winwood
Grateful Dead
Excellent choices. 
Well, I’ll speak up for The Who (except for Sell Out, all top 10 albums in the UK)
My Generation
A Quick One
Sell Out
Tommy
Live at Leeds
Who’s Next
Quadrophenia
By Numbers
Who Are You
Elton John:
Madman Across the Water (1971)
Honky Chateau (1972)
Don’t Shoot Me I’m Only the Piano Player (1973)
Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (1973)
Caribou (1974)
Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy (1975)
Rock of the Westies (1975)
Blue Moves (1976)
8 Albums in 5 years, 6 of them reaching the top of the charts.
These two came to my mind instantly because they came out within a year of each other. Remarkable.
Talking Heads:
1977 - Talking Heads '77
1978 - More Songs About Buildings and Food
1979 - Fear of Music
1980 - Remain in Light
1983 - Speaking in TOngues
Why leave off 1970’s Elton John and Tumbleweed Connection? The first had several good songs and the second is a first rate themed album. They are technically separated from the others by Friends, but that’s a soundtrack album, and 17-11-70, but that’s a recording of a radio broadcast that the label rushed into production because of a bootleg version. I think they’re stronger than some of those later albums, and besides you left out the live album Here and There so we’re talking a straight string of studio albums.
I think Creedence Clearwater Revival deserves to be mentioned for densest streak. In just over two years they recorded and released:
Creedence Clearwater Revival (1968)
Bayou Country (1969)
Green River (1969)
Willy and the Poor Boys (1969)
Cosmo’s Factory (1970)
It could be argued that the first two aren’t great, but are merely very good (although I would disagree). But the last three are fantastic, and were released between August 1969 and July 1970.
Let me add The Smiths’ oeuvre here:
84: The Smiths
85: Meat Is Murder
86: The Queen Is Dead
87: Strangeways Here We Come
That’s a ridiculous record of achievement in three bloody years. Not to mention the numerous singles during this time that were amazing.
Neil Young.
1968 Neil Young
1969 Everybody Know This Is Nowhere
1970 After The Gold Rush
1972 Harvest
1973 Time Fades Away
1974 On The Beach
1975 Tonight’s The Night
1975 Zuma
1976 Long May You Run (good not great)
1977 American Stars 'n Bars (good not great)
1978 Comes A Time
1979 Rust Never Sleeps
1979 Live Rust
He’s released a string of good albums since 2003 but several are old live performances.
You could extend this backward with some Buffalo Springfield, and throw in some CSNY, too. Then, you could end the streak cleanly with “Zuma.”
The answer to this thread is The Beatles. There’s no other group or artist who remotely compares.
Off the top of my head, the next album is “Pendulum” which, although quite different from the preceding albums, is another masterpiece.
Yeah, this is the unbeatable sequence for me too. The live Get Yer Ya Yas Out (1970) isn’t too shabby either.
For me I’d say Iron Maiden with eight albums:
1980: Iron Maiden
1981: Killers
1982: The Number of the Beast
1983: Piece of Mind
1984: Powerslave
1985: Live After Death
1986: Somewhere in Time
1987: Seventh Son of a Seventh Son
With Pink Floyd, I’d say their real “streak” was the Big Four albums from DSOTM thru The Wall. Of course since all of their albums are much better than your average album you could consider their entire discography one huge streak. But I agree that Obscured by Clouds, despite having the second best guitar work of their whole discography, lacks that certain something I can’t pinpoint. Maybe it’s that the music doesn’t differentiate itself enough from other bluesy rock.
Wilco: Being There, Summerteeth, Yankee Hotel Foxtrot, A Ghost is Born