For some reason science fiction and spy novel seem to fare badly in the adaptation department. Besides examples given above:
Ice Station Zebra by Alastair MacLean – huge difference between the book and the movie, although the movie was still pretty good
The Osterman Weekend by Robert Ludlum. No similarity at all.
Who Goes There? by John W. Campbell – the original 1951 The Thing pretty much changed everything, although it was a good enough story in its own right. Carpenter’s 1982 film was surprisingly faithful.
The Space Frame by Manly Wade Wellman got turned into Invasion of the SAucermen*, which actually included the basic story inside it, but buried it in grade Z schlock. When they remade it as Invasion of the (the) Eye Creatures they lost even the smidgen of the original story.
Similarly, Mimic by Donald A Wollheim was pretty much buried in made-up-stuff for the movie. The original story, to be honest, didn’t have enough for a full-length film, but it would’ve made a decent TV show, or segment in an anthology film. It’s a nicely creepy little Twilight Zon-ish story.
we Can Remember it for you Wholesale by Philip K. Dick also suffered from too little material for a movie. They exhausted most of it in the first half hour of Total Recall, then stole the rest from Robert Sheckley’s The Status Civilization, right down to the mind-reading mutants who revealed that the hero was basically his own enemy. And the hero, Quayle (whose name got changed to “Quade” because we had a Veep then with the name “Quayle”) was more of a Woody Allen type than a Schwartzeneggar. When the remade Total Recall they stripped away even more of its origin, and added incredibly stupid stuff.
The Mind Parasites is actually an unapproved version of Heinlein’s The Puppet Masters. If you thought the Disney version was bad, this one is awful. With Leonard Nimoy, believe it or not.
Murray Leinster’s The Wailing Asteroid wasn’t exactly a great novel, but ity didn’t deserve to be turned into The Terrornauts
There’s a special department in movie hell for adaptations of Jules Verne, H.G. Wells, and Edgar Allen Poe. These are almost uniformly bad and virtually unrelated to the original story or inspiration.
Disney’s 20,000 Leagues was pretty decent, although it took surprising liberties with the story. Disney and Verne should’ve been a perfect match, but then they went and screwed up In Search of the Castaways, and never did another. Around the World i9n Eighty Days was pretty decent, too.
I list the names of the movies here
Verne:
The Mysterious Island (1929) – they seemed to want to make 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, but couldn’t quite bring themselves to dot it, and rewrote it all badly. Then they slapped the name of another Verne novel on it.
Valley of Dragons – was supposed to be “Off on a Comet” Hah!
The Light at the End of the World – Yul Brynner, Kirk Douglas, and Samantha Eggar. It’s still bad
Five Weeks in a Balloon – when you’re adapting Verne, don’t try to turn it into a musical comedy
The Mysterious Island (1960) I love Harryhausen, but Verne this ain’t. And, like 2010, it would’ve benefited from losing the narration.
From the Earth to the Moon – this one has NOTHING to do with the book. And screws up its science, as well.
Wells. Adaptations of Wells seem to pretty much miss the point he’s trying to make. *The Man who could Work Miracles was probably the best, and *The Invisible Man * wasn’t bad:
The Time Machine – George Pal got some of the visuals down pretty well, but he seems to have ignored the central point that in Wells’ extrapolated future the Morlocks were really the common man/working class that had been oppressed for centuries, and finally ended up Eating the Rich (as the saying used to go) – the Eloi, who were the useless and unskilled descendants of the Upper class.
The Island of Lost Souls/Doctor Moreau – the first movie version managed to get the creepy down better than the other versions, but they all lacked the subtlety of Wells’ invoking Jonathan Swift’s “Land of the Houynhnms” ending in which he poked satirical fun at civilization.
Village of the Giants – supposedly based on Wells’ Food of the Gods, but it’s just awful. Even Giant Boobs can’t save it.
Food of the Gods – even when they used the right title, it didn’t help.
Empire of the Ants – nothing to do with Wells, although it’s worth seeing this low-rent “Them!” to see Joan Collins controlled by ants.
Edgar Allen Poe:
All of the Corman adaptations are pretty darned awful, although there are memorable scenes in his Masque of the Red Death. There have been numerous Black Cats and Ravens, but you really can’t expect anything from a movie based on a short poem. The Oblong Box has nothing to do with Poe’s story, although the presence of Vincent Price and Christopher Lee gives it a touch of class.
H. Rider Haggard – The late version of She has been mentioned, but the others aren’t much better, except for the Merian C. Cooper 1934 version. King Solomon’sd Mines has been filmed numerous times, none of them faithfully. The 1984 version with Richard Chamberlin, Sharon Stone, Herbert Lom, and John Rhys-Davies was particularly awful, especially considering the star power.
Most adaptations of H. P. Lovecraft have been pretty abysmal too, until the past few years. The Lovecraft Society’s version of **The Call of Cthulhu[/B[ and The Whisperrer in Darkness, and the new German version of The Colour out of Space aren’t bad, but everything else I’ve seen has changed his stories so radically as to be completely unrelated.