99% of the time is way way way underestimating it.
If the subject is food, nutrition, and/or exercise, which is almost always is when the word “calorie” is used (capitalized or not) the unit actually being discussed is in fact “Calorie” a.k.a. “kcal.” It would be idiotic to be confused by that. Only someone who is completely ignorant of normal conventions and usage or intentionally being dense would not be actually meaning Calorie/kcal when using the word “calorie” and in that context using the word “calorie” to mean 1/1000th of a typical unit being discussed would be being beyond idiotic.
If the subject is chemical reactions … well mostly joules would be used … but if “calories” was used in that context it be understood that 1000 of them added up to one kcal.
I don’t think it’s quite so clear-cut, because for it to be clear at all, you have to first realize that there are two different units. I’ve seen too many technically-minded people baffled by the ice-water diet, because they didn’t realize that.
It is said that if we designed a system of time measurement to be so confusing that few could understand it … then we’d have a system easier than the one we actually use.
Luckily, I don’t think chemists really use the calorie anymore … so let the dietitians have it.
We do, actually, it’s got better conversions than the Joule. The Joule is the official unit but the calorie is one of those secondary units whose usage makes some calculations easier than if you use the official unit.