It’s interesting how populism works. Here we have a systemic problem involving government, markets, complex new investment vehicles, instability due to rapid change of global money flows, and other issues which have led to the current problems, and where have we landed? Evil CEOs making too much money.
No, this has almost nothing to do with the current crisis. But it sure is comforting to focus on a few scapegoats and decide they must be punished for our collective sins. This is the way it’s always happened, and always will. It’s a lot easier to personify your problems and blame them on others than to face up to the fact that the entire system developed flaws.
If you dig deeper into the roots of this problem, you discover it’s a lot more complex than, “there wasn’t enough regulation”, or “CEOs are out of control”. You discover problems that are a lot more difficult to deal with, and/or require fixes that might not line up with your own personal ideology.
For example, one of the things that contributed to this bubble was the rise of the Asian economies, particularly in China and India. This flooded the worldwide monetary system with a whole lot of new money. China in particular has adopted a state policy of high savings rates. And high savings rates require places to put the money. This caused a flood of Chinese dollars into the world financial markets, which made capital cheap and easy. That in turn drove innovation in finding new ways to invest this money. Cheap money lowered interest rates, which stimulated the housing boom.
In the meantime, the rapid growth in financial networks and powerful computers gave financial people the ability to more sophisticated modeling and the ability to make much more complex financial instruments and financial deals (See: The Formula that Killed Wall Street for a different angle on the crisis).
Was this a failure of deregulation? Certainly the partisans on the left want to paint it that way. But you could just as easily say this was a failure of regulation - after all, there are plenty of regulators in the financial system who weren’t sounding the alarm, and in fact were doing everything they could to make the problem worse. Fannie and Freddie are not the sole cause of this, but if the problem was just with free markets, and governments were the answer, then you would have expected these very heavily government-regulated financial organizations to have struggled against the tide - to have been a force in opposition as regulators tried to rein in an out-of-control free market. But that’s not the case - Fannie and Freddie were right out in front of this problem, making it worse and pushing financial firms into taking ever-more risks. Regulators like Barney Frank were saying that they were willing to ‘roll the dice’ to help poor people get loans.
CEOs didn’t cause this problem. The financial companies reacted to incentives created by a changing global financial system. They had to, or risk being run over by their competitors. There was a fundamental market failure in information - risks were packaged up and monetized and buried inside investment vehicles in a way that eliminated risk for the people making the risky choices (the banks lending money for real estate, mainly), and spread it across the market as a whole. There’s room here for regulatory reform, based around making sure the risk of financial investments is disclosed to all parties.