Québec universities do not require you to have taken foreign language courses in order to be accepted. You do, however, have to show proficiency in the language of instruction of the university you plan on attending, and there are a couple of ways you can do that. Going to one of the three English universities (McGill, Concordia, Bishop’s), you are considered proficient in English if you did your primary and secondary schooling in English, or your Cégep in English, or some number of years in those systems in English. If the school isn’t certain as to your level of proficiency, they have you pass the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) exam, and may or may not require you to take a no or low credit English class at the university.
Likewise, French proficiency is required at the French-language universities, but I’m not sure of their exact requirements. Clearly having done your primary/secondary/cégep in French, or some minimum number of years in that system is enough, and there is a test similar to the TOEFL whose name I forget.
In all universities in Québec, exams and essays can be written in your prefered language (eg submitting an essay written in French at McGill) but that needs to be cleared ahead of time with the university.
My experience in Ontario is the same; proficiency in language of instruction, but no actual requirements in terms of courses completed during your pre-university education.
As I know it, in Québec, if you go to schools within the English-language school system, you will be taking an hour of French a day starting in Grade 1 straight on through until Grade 11 (my school had an exveption for Grade 8, where it was only 4/6 days, but that was a weird scheduling thing, I think), and you need to take 2 semesters in Cégep. To graduate High School, you needed to have passed Grade 10 English and Grade 11 French. To graduate Cégep, you had to pass your courses, of course, and an English-language proficiency test.
I’m less certain about the French system; I think currently, English is taught as of grade 1, but it is not every day, and I think it’s required through to the end of high school (grade 11, btw) but again, not every day. I would think graduation requirements are similar: Grade 10 French and Grade 11 English, but I don’t know. Cégep is the same, with a French-language proficiency test to graduate.
In Ontario, last I heard, there was mandatory French as of grade 4, becoming optional in or after grade 9 (high school ends at grade 12 in Ontario).
In both provinces, there are also immersion programs, which are clearly different!
(BTW: Cégep is a post-secondary-pre-university 2 year general diploma in a broad field such as “Science”. “Social Science”. “Liberal Arts” etc. Think first-year general education requirements in university. Mandatory in Québec to go to university after).