This question is too vague to give much of a meaningful answer. All of the things you’ve cited except robotics have been problems plaguing our world for thousands of years.
One excellent example of this is Moris Berman’s book The Twilight of American Culture. He draws some fascinating parallels between our current American society and ancient Rome (both at the peaks and the downfalls).
I’ll try to briefly address some of your points.
Income inequality, leading to gravely divided, and increasing conflicted, economic/social class.
I would argue that while things seem worse than they did “back in the day”, I would challenge you to name a period in human history where we had income equality. And I would argue that the poor have many more protections and rights in this country right now than they have at any point in history. No, I’m not saying we have it better than we ever did and there is no room for improvement. But I don’t think it’s even close to being at its worst. And, well, we’re still here.
Militarized cops.
While corruption, incompetence, and overzealousness are problems that we need to continue to work on, it’s absolutely nothing new, and complaining about “militarized cops” sounds to me like the complaints of a right wing nutbag with a “bug out plan” to hole up in the mountains with 10,000 cans of food and enough weapons to supply a small army (not that I am accusing you of being such a person, just saying it sounds a little extreme to me).
Robotics offering a potential 805 unemployment rate (possibly an overblown risk).
80.5% unemployment?? Where are you getting this from? Society is rapidly changing and becoming more automated and advanced technologically. These changes eliminate jobs, but also create new ones. As an example, how many jobs were there for computer programmers in 1940 vs today? Can robots diagnose and treat health problems? Replace humans in creating any form of entertainment? There are thousands types of jobs that still need human beings, and there always will be.
Wildly polarized politics.
See: pretty much every country on the planet since the dawn of politics. When you get enough people together, there will always be leaders, and there will always be people criticizing those leaders. That is how we progress and keep power in check.
Ineffective government.
Again: nothing new here. We do have the ability to peacefully seek change if enough people are unhappy, which isn’t something that every country has even today. Don’t like your politicians? Vote them out of office, protest, raise your voice, seek change. Don’t sit on your couch and bitch about Obamacare during elections.
A rapidly degrading educational system
People were complaining about this during the Roman Empire (see Morris Berman’s book that I mentioned above). At some point I believe we will have to make changes to strengthen and nourish our educational system, but there is no question that we are facing some serious challenges to do this. I think we can do it though.
I am not dismissing any of your points with “well it’s been worse at some point in the past, so we don’t need to worry about it”. But I don’t think any of the issues you’ve mentioned are signs that our country is falling apart, nor do I think we have no hope right now. To the contrary, we have the ability to communicate globally nearly instantaneously, we have made great advances in every field there is: technology, medicine, health, science, even things like entertainment, and the standard of living is higher now than it has been at any point in the past.
I do think we (the entire world, not just America) will face some serious challenges during the next 50 to 100 years. Destruction of rainforests, mass extinctions, global warming, increasingly scarce fossil fuels, overpopulation, and many other things will need to be overcome. And change is inevitable. Some of the changes will make things better, and some will make things worse, but I think we will survive, and I think at some point in the future we will be better off than we are now.