# Does Islam drive homophobic violence?

**URL:** <https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202>\
**Category:** Great Debates\
**Created:** [June 12, 2016, 6:11pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202 "2016-06-12T18:11:54Z")\
**Posts on this page:** 20\
**Page:** 24

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**Author:** ![Magiver](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/m/4491bb/32.png) [@Magiver](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Magiver)\
**Post date:** [June 25, 2016, 1:09pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/461 "2016-06-25T13:09:15Z")

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> [@tomndebb](#):
>
> The current societies that demonstrate the worst attitudes toward the LGBTQ community are ones currently indoctrinated by Salafist Islam–not by the “Muslim” boogeyman that many people who deliberately ignore the differences within the Islamic world create in their own minds–just as their predecessors invented a “communist” boogeyman, a “Romish” boogeyman, a “Yellow Peril” boogeyman, etc., refusing to bother to understand realities of the various groups that those ignorant xenophobes chose to hate.

The Salafist boogeyman is apparently alive and well in the following countries where homosexuality is ILLEGAL:

Afghanistan  
Angola  
Bangladesh  
Bhutan  
Botswana  
Brunei  
Burundi  
Cameroon  
Comoros  
Daesh  
Egypt  
Eritrea  
Ethiopia  
Gambia  
Ghana  
Guinea  
India  
Iran  
Iraq  
Kenya  
Kuwait  
Lebanon  
Liberia  
Libya  
Malawi  
Malaysia  
Maldives  
Mauritania  
Mauritius  
Morocco  
Myanmar  
Namibia  
Nigeria  
Oman  
Pakistan  
Palestine/Gazaw strip  
Qatar  
Saudi Arabia  
Senegal  
Sierra Leone  
Singapore  
Somalia  
South Sudan  
Sri Lanka  
Sudan  
Swaziland  
Syria  
Tanzania  
Togo  
Tunisia  
Turkmenistan  
Uganda  
United Arab Emirates  
Uzbekistan  
Yemen  
Zambia  
Zimbabwe

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![iiandyiiii](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/iiandyiiii/32/7924_2.png) [@iiandyiiii](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/iiandyiiii)\
**Post date:** [June 25, 2016, 2:30pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/462 "2016-06-25T14:30:21Z")

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> [@Magiver](#):
>
> The Salafist boogeyman is apparently alive and well in the following countries where homosexuality is ILLEGAL:
> 
> Afghanistan  
> Angola  
> Bangladesh  
> Bhutan  
> Botswana  
> Brunei  
> Burundi  
> Cameroon  
> Comoros  
> Daesh  
> Egypt  
> Eritrea  
> Ethiopia  
> Gambia  
> Ghana  
> Guinea  
> India  
> Iran  
> Iraq  
> Kenya  
> Kuwait  
> Lebanon  
> Liberia  
> Libya  
> Malawi  
> Malaysia  
> Maldives  
> Mauritania  
> Mauritius  
> Morocco  
> Myanmar  
> Namibia  
> Nigeria  
> Oman  
> Pakistan  
> Palestine/Gazaw strip  
> Qatar  
> Saudi Arabia  
> Senegal  
> Sierra Leone  
> Singapore  
> Somalia  
> South Sudan  
> Sri Lanka  
> Sudan  
> Swaziland  
> Syria  
> Tanzania  
> Togo  
> Tunisia  
> Turkmenistan  
> Uganda  
> United Arab Emirates  
> Uzbekistan  
> Yemen  
> Zambia  
> Zimbabwe

Many of these are not Muslim or Muslim majority countries.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![raventhief](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/raventhief/32/4_2.png) [@raventhief](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/raventhief)\
**Post date:** [June 25, 2016, 2:43pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/463 "2016-06-25T14:43:22Z")

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> [@iiandyiiii](#):
>
> Many of these are not Muslim or Muslim majority countries.

I’m not sure what point he was trying to make - maybe he was trying to say you don’t have to Muslim to hate gay people?

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Kimstu](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/k/ecd19e/32.png) [@Kimstu](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Kimstu)\
**Post date:** [June 25, 2016, 2:49pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/464 "2016-06-25T14:49:18Z")

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> [@nachtmusick](#):
>
> Silly assertion?

Yup. Saying that Muslims who are willing to emigrate to the US are somehow “least representative” of all Muslims, as you did in post #367, is a silly assertion, because it’s not consistent with factual data.

For example, I cited factual data that shows that over 7% of all adult Bangladeshis, who by themselves represent over 10% of **all** the world’s adult Muslims, would be willing to emigrate to the US.

Combining that with additional factual data about Muslims elsewhere—such as the fact that [Pakistani immigrants are the second-fastest growing and the seventh largest immigrant group in the US](http://www.dawn.com/news/732915/pakistanis-are-second-fastest-growing-race-in-us-says-report)—makes it clearly ridiculous to deny that **willingness to immigrate to the US is in fact quite widespread among the world’s Muslim population**.

To say that such willingness is somehow “least representative” of Muslims overall, **even though at least 5-10 percent of all Muslims worldwide evidently share it** , is nonsense.

That’s about the same percentage of Muslims worldwide who have made the pilgrimage to Mecca, FFS. You can hardly call those kinds of numbers “least representative” as though they were just some tiny insignificant fraction of the world’s Muslims.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Kimstu](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/k/ecd19e/32.png) [@Kimstu](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Kimstu)\
**Post date:** [June 25, 2016, 2:54pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/465 "2016-06-25T14:54:25Z")

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> [@raventhief](#):
>
> I’m not sure what point he was trying to make - maybe he was trying to say you don’t have to Muslim to hate gay people?

Note that, as I pointed out in another thread which I don’t have to hand at the moment, there are also several Buddhist-majority countries (such as Myanmar and Sri Lanka) in which homosexuality is illegal.

And of course, there are still plenty of Christian-majority countries in which homosexuality is illegal. They just don’t happen to be the Christian-majority countries of the developed and wealthy western world.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![raventhief](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/raventhief/32/4_2.png) [@raventhief](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/raventhief)\
**Post date:** [June 25, 2016, 3:22pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/466 "2016-06-25T15:22:27Z")

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> [@Kimstu](#):
>
> Note that, as I pointed out in another thread which I don’t have to hand at the moment, there are also several Buddhist-majority countries (such as Myanmar and Sri Lanka) in which homosexuality is illegal.
> 
> And of course, there are still plenty of Christian-majority countries in which homosexuality is illegal. They just don’t happen to be the Christian-majority countries of the developed and wealthy western world.

Both of those countries are on his list. A number of the countries on that list are in fact Christian-majority.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![nachtmusick](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/n/ac91a4/32.png) [@nachtmusick](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/nachtmusick)\
**Post date:** [June 25, 2016, 4:20pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/467 "2016-06-25T16:20:33Z")

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> [@Kimstu](#):
>
> Yup. Saying that Muslims who are willing to emigrate to the US are somehow “least representative” of all Muslims, as you did in post #367, is a silly assertion, because it’s not consistent with factual data.
> 
> For example, I cited factual data that shows that over 7% of all adult Bangladeshis, who by themselves represent over 10% of **all** the world’s adult Muslims, would be willing to emigrate to the US.
> 
> Combining that with additional factual data about Muslims elsewhere—such as the fact that [Pakistani immigrants are the second-fastest growing and the seventh largest immigrant group in the US](http://www.dawn.com/news/732915/pakistanis-are-second-fastest-growing-race-in-us-says-report)—makes it clearly ridiculous to deny that **willingness to immigrate to the US is in fact quite widespread among the world’s Muslim population**.
> 
> To say that such willingness is somehow “least representative” of Muslims overall, **even though at least 5-10 percent of all Muslims worldwide evidently share it** , is nonsense.
> 
> That’s about the same percentage of Muslims worldwide who have made the pilgrimage to Mecca, FFS. You can hardly call those kinds of numbers “least representative” as though they were just some tiny insignificant fraction of the world’s Muslims.

You missed the point, vigorously. What I said was that Muslims who wished to travel to and live in the US or the West would naturally have different outlooks than the rest of the enormous population of Muslims who did not emigrate.

You have some other thing to bloviate about, and I wish you luck with that.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![DerekMichaels00](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/d/f14d63/32.png) [@DerekMichaels00](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/DerekMichaels00)\
**Post date:** [June 25, 2016, 4:22pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/468 "2016-06-25T16:22:05Z")

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countries in which homosexuality is a capital crime:

Afghanistan  
Brunei  
Iran  
Islamic State  
Mauritania  
Nigeria (certain provinces)  
Qatar  
Saudi Arabia  
Somalia (and Somaliland)  
Sudan  
Yemen

yep, Islam does drive homophobic violence.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Kimstu](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/k/ecd19e/32.png) [@Kimstu](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Kimstu)\
**Post date:** [June 25, 2016, 7:38pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/469 "2016-06-25T19:38:27Z")

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> [@nachtmusick](#):
>
> You missed the point, vigorously. What I said was that Muslims who wished to travel to and live in the US or the West would naturally have different outlooks than the rest of the enormous population of Muslims who did not emigrate.

Those goalposts are not as mobile as you seem to imagine. We can all see by looking at your actual post that what you said was exactly [this](http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showpost.php?p=19412267&postcount=367):

> [@nachtmusick](#):
>
> Muslims in the US are not representative of all Muslims. They are in fact a group that is arguably the least representative of all Muslims.
> 
> They’re the ones who were willing to emigrate to the US.

To which I replied, not unreasonably:

> [@Kimstu](#):
>
> 😕 Huh? Surveys indicate that plenty of Muslims would be willing to emigrate to the US if it were possible for them, including 8 million adults in Bangladesh (or about 7% of the entire Bangladeshi adult population).
> 
> It may well be true that immigrant US Muslims are very unusual in being **able** to emigrate to the US, but I’d like to see a cite for your claim that merely being **willing** to emigrate to the US makes Muslims “least representative”.

To which you replied, feebly:

> [@nachtmusik](#):
>
> It stands to reason. Why the hell would I need a cite for that?

Well, now you apparently know why you would need a cite for such a silly assertion, since now you have apparently recognized the expediency of pretending that what you actually asserted was something quite different.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![tomndebb](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/t/b9e5f3/32.png) [@tomndebb](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/tomndebb)\
**Post date:** [June 25, 2016, 9:42pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/470 "2016-06-25T21:42:42Z")

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> [@DerekMichaels00](#):
>
> countries in which homosexuality is a capital crime:
> 
> Afghanistan  
> Brunei  
> Iran  
> Islamic State  
> Mauritania  
> Nigeria (certain provinces)  
> Qatar  
> Saudi Arabia  
> Somalia (and Somaliland)  
> Sudan  
> Yemen
> 
> yep, Islam does drive homophobic violence.

Unlike Magiver’s failed “gotcha” list, with its Christian, Buddhist, and other countries, your list is, with one exception, a list of countries that have been heavily propagandized by the Salafists/Wahhabists, and the one exception, Iran, was subjected to a revolution based on the ideas of a Salafist-influenced cleric.  
So, rather than the “_Ooooh! Let’s blame Islam_” point that you were trying to make, you have reinforced my point that it is not Islam, but a specific sect within Islam that is promoting hatred and violence.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Kimstu](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/k/ecd19e/32.png) [@Kimstu](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Kimstu)\
**Post date:** [June 25, 2016, 10:44pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/471 "2016-06-25T22:44:41Z")

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Note also that countries where there have recently been serious legislative efforts to **make** homosexuality a capital crime include Uganda (85% Christian) and Kenya (83% Christian). Furthermore, these efforts have largely been promoted and funded by Christian evangelical organizations in the US. (The tiny vocal minority supporting the death penalty for homosexuality in the US itself, of course, is overwhelmingly Christian.)

Given that most modern western Christian-majority nations removed the death penalty for homosexuality only within the last 200 years or so, and that several Christian-majority nations still criminalize it, I don’t see how anyone can logically argue that the difference in modern attitudes to gay rights in most Christian-majority nations versus most Muslim-majority ones is somehow due to differences in Christian vs. Muslim “scripture”.

> [@Magiver](#):
>
> The dogma of the religion is based on it’s progenitor. So, whatever his followers were supposed to do centers on him just as the dogma of Islam centers on Mohammad.

:dubious: So in the mid-19th century when homosexuality was a crime in the British Empire but not in the Ottoman Empire, were Christians and Muslims somehow using different original “progenitor-based dogmas” from the ones they have now?

As I keep saying, this sort of simplistic essentializing just dissolves into illogical nonsense when confronted by the complexity of actual historical facts.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![DerekMichaels00](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/d/f14d63/32.png) [@DerekMichaels00](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/DerekMichaels00)\
**Post date:** [June 26, 2016, 12:13am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/472 "2016-06-26T00:13:55Z")

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> [@tomndebb](#):
>
> Unlike Magiver’s failed “gotcha” list, with its Christian, Buddhist, and other countries, your list is, with one exception, a list of countries that have been heavily propagandized by the Salafists/Wahhabists, and the one exception, Iran, was subjected to a revolution based on the ideas of a Salafist-influenced cleric.  
> So, rather than the “_Ooooh! Let’s blame Islam_” point that you were trying to make, you have reinforced my point that it is not Islam, but a specific sect within Islam that is promoting hatred and violence.

stop blaming Wahhabism/Salafism; the violent anti-homosexual societies in most of those countries existed long before Al-Wahab. And the fact is that everyone of those countries I cited are Muslim countries. Tamzimat reforms didn’t come out of thin air, nor did they face little resistance, in the previous caliphate (the caliphate before ISIS).  
\*\*  
Most of these “Christianity was once worse than Islam” arguments are mere post-colonialism distortions out of the academic left. Even then, people care about today, not hundreds of years ago, or the Crusades 1000 years ago.\*\*

Also, while yes, Magiver’s list had countries of several faiths, there is zero doubt\* that a higher proportion of Muslim countries criminalize homosexuality than the proportion of non-Muslim countries that do.\*

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Kimstu](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/k/ecd19e/32.png) [@Kimstu](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Kimstu)\
**Post date:** [June 26, 2016, 12:38am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/473 "2016-06-26T00:38:22Z")

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> [@DerekMichaels00](#):
>
> stop blaming Wahhabism/Salafism; the violent anti-homosexual societies in most of those countries existed long before Al-Wahab.

The point is that violent anti-homosexual societies existed long before Al-Wahhab in **non** -Muslim countries too. Britain, for example, decreed the death penalty for homosexuality as late as 1836 (and the law wasn’t actually repealed until decades later).

[QUOTE=DerekMichaels00]  
Most of these “Christianity was once worse than Islam” arguments are mere post-colonialism distortions out of the academic left. Even then, […]  
[/quote]

:dubious: “Even then” apparently meaning _“I can’t refute these arguments so I’ll just call them distortions and change the subject”_.

[QUOTE=DerekMichaels00]  
[…] people care about today, not hundreds of years ago, or the Crusades 1000 years ago.  
[/quote]

If “people” are trying to **explain** the situations of today by appealing to differences in different religions’ ancient “dogma” or “scriptures” or “progenitors”, then they **have** to care about **how their explanations account for intervening events** “hundreds of years ago” or “1000 years ago”.

Unless, of course, “people” cling to demonstrably illogical and ahistorical arguments, which unfortunately several “people” in this thread seem all too willing to do.

[QUOTE=DerekMichaels00]  
[…] there is zero doubt\* that a higher proportion of Muslim countries criminalize homosexuality than the proportion of non-Muslim countries that do.\*  
[/QUOTE]

There is also zero denial of that well-known fact. What we’re objecting to is merely the repeated clumsy illogical and ahistorical arguments that attempt to **explain** that well-known fact by ignorant simplistic assertions about the “intrinsic” nature or “progenitor” or “dogma” or “scripture” of Islam versus Christianity, **which completely fail to account for their very diverse development in the many centuries _since_ those ancient origins.**

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![levdrakon](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/l/49beb7/32.png) [@levdrakon](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/levdrakon)\
**Post date:** [June 26, 2016, 1:13am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/474 "2016-06-26T01:13:27Z")

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> [@Kimstu](#):
>
> :dubious: So in the mid-19th century when homosexuality was a crime in the British Empire but not in the Ottoman Empire, were Christians and Muslims somehow using different original “progenitor-based dogmas” from the ones they have now?

That whole Ottoman [Tanzimat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat)thing was a desperate attempt at slowing the decline of the empire by exempting non-muslims from Muslim law; it wasn’t a case of Islam accepting gays. This tolerance of homosexuality was not based on sharia law, it was specifically _not_ sharia law. Is there any evidence that Muslims were allowed to be gay Muslims, based on Islamic law?

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Magiver](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/m/4491bb/32.png) [@Magiver](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Magiver)\
**Post date:** [June 26, 2016, 4:20am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/475 "2016-06-26T04:20:42Z")

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> [@Kimstu](#):
>
> :dubious: So in the mid-19th century when homosexuality was a crime in the British Empire but not in the Ottoman Empire, were Christians and Muslims somehow using different original “progenitor-based dogmas” from the ones they have now?

Were the laws based on Christianity? Was the British Empire tossing them off roofs?

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![jayjay](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/jayjay/32/6765_2.png) [@jayjay](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/jayjay)\
**Post date:** [June 26, 2016, 5:58am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/476 "2016-06-26T05:58:33Z")

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> [@Magiver](#):
>
> Were the laws based on Christianity?

Seriously? This is an actual question that you weren’t ashamed to ask on this board?

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![raventhief](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/raventhief/32/4_2.png) [@raventhief](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/raventhief)\
**Post date:** [June 26, 2016, 6:23am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/477 "2016-06-26T06:23:46Z")

</div>

I’m almost embarrassed to bring it up, because it’s almost certainly been highlighted many times, but Islam is significantly younger than Christianity, right? And a few hundred years ago, Christianity had the same sort of attitude toward homosexuality (burn 'em based on our holy scripture). How much of the absolutely appalling attitude toward homosexuality can be ascribed to the-ahem- immaturity of the faith?

Islam is I think about 600 years younger than Christianity. 600 years ago, what happened to homosexuals in fervently Christian countries? it typically was a pretty ugly fate. I don’t mean this as some sort of “blank check” for Islam to treat anyone horrifically, but simply as perspective.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Magiver](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/m/4491bb/32.png) [@Magiver](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Magiver)\
**Post date:** [June 26, 2016, 6:24am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/478 "2016-06-26T06:24:18Z")

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> [@jayjay](#):
>
> Seriously? This is an actual question that you weren’t ashamed to ask on this board?

Shouldn’t be too difficult to answer. It’s pretty straight forward. Mohammad was a warlord who codified laws. Jesus went to his death without so much as a post-it-note and on his way out asked God to forgive those who killed him.

That you’re somehow confused when followers of Mohammad actually follow his actions and laws is mind boggling.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![jayjay](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/jayjay/32/6765_2.png) [@jayjay](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/jayjay)\
**Post date:** [June 26, 2016, 6:39am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/479 "2016-06-26T06:39:20Z")

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> [@Magiver](#):
>
> Shouldn’t be too difficult to answer. It’s pretty straight forward. Mohammad was a warlord who codified laws. Jesus went to his death without so much as a post-it-note and on his way out asked God to forgive those who killed him.
> 
> That you’re somehow confused when followers of Mohammad actually follow his actions and laws is mind boggling.

It’s like you’re whistling your way past Leviticus. LEVITICUS IS STILL IN THERE! It’s still part of the Christian scriptures! I understand that when it’s not YOU that large portions of the Bible are used to vilify (all through your life), it’s easy to forget that those portions are still there. Believe me, there isn’t a single non-self-denying LGBT person in this country that has forgotten that, because Christians in this country WON’T LET US FORGET!

Your ingenuous, butthurt sanctimony disgusts me.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Tamerlane](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/tamerlane/32/7602_2.png) [@Tamerlane](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Tamerlane)\
**Post date:** [June 26, 2016, 9:09am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/does-islam-drive-homophobic-violence/757202/480 "2016-06-26T09:09:10Z")

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> [@levdrakon](#):
>
> That whole Ottoman [Tanzimat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat)thing was a desperate attempt at slowing the decline of the empire by exempting non-muslims from Muslim law; it wasn’t a case of Islam accepting gays.

No - non-Muslims in the Ottoman state had recourse to non-Muslim law for domestic issues from at least the 15th century under the [Millet system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)) ( and more informally before that ). Non-Muslims actually had [recourse to both](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_law), which caused some non-Muslim authorities to complain when non-Muslims would avail themselves of Muslim courts that were less stringent in certain areas. The Tanzimat reforms ironically went hand in hand with a _greater_ focus on state Islam in the 19th century as the Caliphal title, previously little more than a ceremonial frippery, started to be played up in an attempt to build a new state identity.

> [@](#):
>
> This tolerance of homosexuality was not based on sharia law, it was specifically _not_ sharia law. Is there any evidence that Muslims were allowed to be gay Muslims, based on Islamic law?

The law applied to everyone, including Muslims. Ottoman law as above was not purely religious in character and indeed NO pre-modern Islamic state operated on purely religious law, because Sharia simply didn’t and doesn’t cover certain areas. “Secular law” was being being introduced within a few years of Muhammed’s death when a semblance of a real state structure became necessary.

In the Ottoman state secular law a.) often trumped religious law and b.) tended to treat sex offenses relatively more leniently, for example by simply levying fines. However it was also subject to weaker evidentiary procedures, since _technically_ sharia offenses required four direct adult witnesses. So sharia = often harsher punishments, hard to prove offense; kanun = more lenient punishments, easier to prove offenses. Easy to see why a bureaucratic state apparatus would prefer secular law that generate income via fines.

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