Genetically engineered food

“Life is worth more than peanuts”
[Cross-post from an environmental discussion group.]

AS FOR PEANUTS, and Earon’s comments. Yes indeed, there are US researchers working on removing the peanut allergy gene from peanuts using genetic engineering – I have this from two separate, reliable sources. I can pursue this further, to find out where this is being done. Also, I have found evidence that suggests they are able to identify allergens by both molecular structure, and causative gene. This explains why they can both make peanuts non-allergenic, and ensure new crops developed won’t be an allergy problem – but they only screen in this way for genetically engineered crops, from the sources I have seen. Moreover, I also need to relate this to my personal experience, which is why I noticed the story in the first place.

You see, I suffer from two food allergies that I know of – fortunately, my reactions have been moderate so far. And I do appreciate your comments on epinephrine. But I can also tell you, in both cases when I had my first allergic reaction, it came on suddenly and unexpectedly, to things which were already in my diet. So it’s not like I would have known to have a shot of epinephrine ready; in fact, in both cases I didn’t figure out what was happening until afterwards. And I understand that allergies of this type show up in other people spontaneously. Now, my reactions are NOT to peanuts, which I love to eat. Rather, my allergies are to certain types of cider, and kiwi fruits. The cider is fairly easy to avoid, but kiwi fruits seem to be showing up all over the place, including in healthy juices I want to buy. In fact, recently I learned that kiwis have all kinds of fancy chemicals inside, which bother other people as well.

My point is, if food such as peanuts did not have the gene for the potentially deadly allergen, it could make all the difference between life and death, since allergies can pop up suddenly. And as a practical concern, when I first encountered my cider allergy, I was in a crowded bar where I could barely get out of – I went home coughing and sneezing, and broke out in a rash all over. In retrospect, there was little chance that I could have even gotten a shot. If the allergic reaction were more severe, I would not be here right now typing this. My understanding is that peanut allergies tend to be severe compared to other food allergies. Good thing for me.

Finally, back to the promising UK athlete that died. I find it particularly disturbing (and quite sad) that the UK has spent millions (tens…hundreds of millions, more?) on labeling “GM” food, which has shown no more risk than food created through more conventional means. In fact, in the UK they even have a large fine on restaurants that do not label GM food on menus. On the other hand, they freely serve food to people containing peanuts – which can kill, but there is no requirement for labeling. What causes this kind of complete and utter nonsense? Look what it resulted in. The bottom line is if you are going to spend money on labeling, make sure it is going to do some good.

Dan

(PREVIOUS POSTINGS FOLLOW) *****************************************************************************************
Friends:
Having had some public health training, I feel obligated to provide a more
accurate picture of peanut allergy than was presented in the excerpt Dan
sent. First, people who suffer anaphylactic allergic reactions to peanut
should always have something called an “Epi-Pen” around. It is a device that
will administer a life-saving dose of epinephrine in the type of tragic
situation from Britain. These devices can and should be available from all
paramedics and emergency rooms. The problem is that by the time someone is
transported to a clinic or emergency room while in anaphylaxis, it may be too
late to administer epinephrine there.

Second, peanut is far from the only source of allergic anaphylactic
responses. Shellfish is one of the most prominent of many others, like
sulfiting agents in salad bars. There are at least four answers to these
types of serious problem. None involves the grossly inappropriate and
grandiose aim of genetically engineering all life forms on the planet in
order to supposedly reduce their ability to cause anaphylaxis. First,
epinephrine should be more readily available as an emergency treatment -
especially when these “Epi-Pens” are on the market and already widely
available. At some point, they could be mandated for all food sellers and
caterers to have, as they are not expensive.

Second, food manufacturers and preparers should use common sense and not use
foods like peanut and peanut oil or shellfish, etc., which is the present
trend. For example, institutional food producers in my area seem to have
largely eliminated peanut and peanut oil from many product lines, especially
foods sold to school cafeterias. This is an outcome that can and should be
driven by concerns about liability as well as ethics.

Third, foods that are highly allergenic, like peanut and shellfish, must not
be used in food products which are not labeled - or where the food does not
appear in the name of the dish (e.g., shrimp salad). The absurd proposal of
genetically engineering foods to remove allergenic properties, which I do not
believe is even on the table, would only result in delays for implementation
of these important public health measures. Of course, the peanut growers
associations will push for this research rather than loose market share to
other foods that are less likely to kill people.

Fourth, there needs to be research into how to prevent people from developing
anaphylactic allergies - and into why these problems are increasing. Are
they resulting from one of the myriad other ways in which our environment has
been polluted and manipulated in order to increase someone’s profits?

One of the major criticisms about current plans for genetically engineering
foods is that something like the peanut genes responsible for anaphylaxis
(and we probably don’t know which ones are) will be spliced into other foods,
thus making them capable of causing anaphylactic reactions to even more
unsuspecting people. We don’t even know that these genes can be isolated or
that they won’t result in different allergens developing.

If there is one lesson to be learned from all of this it is that a little
knowledge can be a dangerous thing in the hands of people who think they know
everything (aka businesses exploiting cutting edge “science”). The debate
about genetic engineering is not a game. It doesn’t matter how many debating
points one side or the other gets. This is about life and death - and about
incredibly arrogant people who have transcended the bounds of ethics and
religious principles and, under the dangerous belief systems of
“profit-based-science,” feel that they have the right to play around with our
entire planet for their fun and profit.

Earon
*** FULL NAME DELETED BY DAN ***

In a message dated 6/18/99 9:35:57 AM Central Daylight Time,
CFSeattle@AOL.COM writes:

<< BBC/UK Peanut allergy athlete dies/Friday, June 18, 1999>

On 6/19 DanSpillane had this to say.

|There is actually scientific evidence |which shows that bacteria can transfer genes |without having sex. However, it may only be |to certain “receptor” sites, according to |other documentation. Bacteria don’t turn |into other bacteria…plants…or cows. This |helps explain why antibiotic resistance is |fairly widespread – it’s possible that even |your yogurt bacteria have antibiotic |resistance which they got from other |bacteria.

To clarify, there are actually 3 ways for bacteria to recieve an influx of genetic material. The method that you describe here is called Conjugation. In this case the bacteria transmit their plasmid (a relatively small circular strand of DNA) to another bacteria. They can also recieve genetic material that is “free floating” (from a lysed cell for instance) in a process called Transformation or through phages in a process called Transduction. While none of these processes can be considered reproduction as there is no daughter cell resultant, they are all means whereby bacteria change their genome.

Thanks Eric!

Yeah – someone smarter than me, on the nuts and bolts of genetics part.

Have you read all the stuff I put in the folder? Some of it should really interest you.

…and is it possible that your yogurt bacteria have genes from other bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance? Or had no one looked at this?

cmargulis wrote:
“The final industry insult, that no one has to buy their junk, obviates the real-world agro-economics they use to prey on farmers. Ask rural communities in the developing world how green revolution hybrids gained primacy in their countries: credit and loan terms, market manipulation and other “assistance” favored those who took up the new technologies and pushed traditional farmers off the land (which is one reason for the flight to urban areas in much of the south today). these same dynamics will drive the “second green revolution” promised by biotech, with equally dire results”

I almost hate to point this out, but it’s a good thing that inefficient farmers are the ones who go out of business. That’s what has happened in the West over the past few centuries. That’s why we eat well and there’s a big labor force to work in manufacturing, medicine, education, science, etc.

Earon wrote:

“Fourth, there needs to be research into how to prevent people from developing
anaphylactic allergies - and into why these problems are increasing. Are
they resulting from one of the myriad other ways in which our environment has
been polluted and manipulated in order to increase someone’s profits?”

Sheesh, talk about enviro-socialist paranoia. What evidence is there that pollution causes anaphylactic allergies? Are they really increasing?

I do know that asthma is increasing. When children in NYC were studied to find out why, the most significant factor was that the children were spending more time indoors and eating in their bedrooms which attracted cockroaches. That was the major cause of asthma.

Another theory about asthma (more controversial) is that the immune system is overreacted because we don’t get as many infections as we used to. Eeeeevil corporations producing eeeevil vaccines and antibiotics, don’t ya know.

Hello,

 Hope you don't mind me joining your little "fracas", its very interesting. The shear volume of some of the offerings is quite daunting, but towards the end, some sanity seems to be creaping in. (thanks to Dr Tom and Kahirsch).

The fact of the matter is (if I may be so bold) that, right or wrong, the whole reason that humans have risen to the top of the “food chain” is that we are by nature, creatures who enquire, explore, and push the boundries. Our exploration of GM is not only natural, but essential. Without venturing down the dark halls of ignorance, we will be lost indeed. Some doubt the value of “pure research”, some doubt the value of what sometimes seem obscure alleys of work, but who can tell the end result.

Now, that’s not to say that we should run wild in the world arround us. Frank and open (and hopefully enlightened) discussion is needed as there are (changable) standards that are required sometimes to stop us making a terrible mess of things.

But…just because you might screw up, is no reason to not try

Dave

Dear Message Board People,
I thought I’d reply to a message Mr. Adams posted earlier about the rise of resistance. Actually, this is mostly my opinion based on what little I know, so if someone sees a contradiction, please say so…; however, I think I should point out that from what has been said, resistance is probably less likely to become prevalent from Bt-toxin containing transgenic plants than from Bt-spore sprayed plants. Obviously, as I’m sure you all know, resistance is not thought to “evolve” on the time scale in which most resistances arise in animal (I include bacteria here) populations. Resistance usually arises due to multiplication of a already-present but unselected (maybe anti-selected) strain. Thus, conditions under which “megadoses” of an antibiotic (like Bt toxin) over long periods of time are less likely than small doses over short periods of time to induce resistance, since weakly resistant strains will be killed off in the former case, but not in the latter. If one were to spray a crop with only a little Bt toxin, regularly, then the weakly resistant strains would be selected and might possibly interbreed or gain additional selective advantage due to mutation to produce a strongly resistant strain. Anyways, sorry if my prose is unclear:P
Also, although it’s just a semantic matter, I don’t think you could really call a transgenic plant with a copy of the Bt-toxin gene “genetically engineered.” I’ve always been told this is reserved for instances where the sequence of DNA in the target organism has been altered in some way other than simply shoving in a complete but transgenic gene.
-Alex Kennedy
Kyoto University Institute of Chemical Research

Interesting, and very scandalous material…

*** Letter sent to EuropaBio below ***
(Sent 06/30/1999)

To: Paul Muys, Communication Manager EuropaBio
CC: Editor, The Independent, UK

Dear Paul:

On June 20, 1999, the UK newspaper “The Independent” printed a headline article entitled “World’s top sweetener is made with GM bacteria.” That article mentioned that several UK MPs were “hunting” around for GM processes used in food production. Yet according to the article, the GM process to produce an enzyme was not even being used in the UK, but only in the US.

Upon reading this headline, it occurred to me that the UK public (and MPs) must be completely unaware that most of the world’s cheese is produced using the enzyme chymosin, a product of genetic engineering. Indeed, tracing back many months through all the UK press debate, I have found no headline story revealing the truth in this respect. I find it quite shocking (as I think others would) that this issue hasn’t been discussed at this point, particularly considering chymosin has some solid benefits – there aren’t enough calves to go around to make the alternative rennet, for example. How can an organization like EuropaBio neglect to inform the public that the cheese supply depends on a GM enzyme, particularly since the theme of the “GM food” campaign has been the “right to know”, rather than of food safety (which has been well established)? How can cheese be excluded – is it simply because it hasn’t been mentioned in the press? This is ridiculous.

In a related case, I find it astounding that the UK is importing herbicide-tolerant soybeans (DuPont “STS”) through US Archer Daniels Midland Co., which are being sold in the UK as “GM-free”, simply because they are genetically modified using a process different than those used in Monsanto beans, and this happens to let them slip through US FDA policy (the trick is, they leave the US as “identity preserved” and are re-labeled later). Surely, these beans contain genes for herbicide tolerance – just like the Monsanto beans. This is particularly vexing since I’ve noted “herbicide tolerance” as an issue of concern which often comes up for European customers (for example, Greenpeace brings this up as a key point). Therefore, how can the “debate” in Europe concerning these products neglect to mention that consumers will still be eating beans with genes for herbicide tolerance, when campaigners told them “GM-free” implied this wouldn’t be the case? There are around ten million acres of these beans being grown, by the way. This is no small matter.

I have written a letter to The Independent (attached below), informing them of these issues. They have not yet published my letter, probably since they too find my information shocking. Nevertheless, I think it is important that these two issues be brought into the UK debate, however uncomfortable that may be at this point. In fact, I plan on contacting folks in the UK until these issues are heard, or bringing my information to prominence on the Internet. That is of course, unless these issues are on the EuropaBio agenda – please contact me as soon as possible with any plans you have in this regard.

Sincerely
Dan Spillane
Seattle, WA USA
(Phone number deleted for posting)

*** Unpublished letter follows ***
(Sent 06/21/1999)

To: Editor, Independent (UK)

“GM Hunting”

Your recent headline “World’s top sweetener is made with GM bacteria” (June 20) made it all the way to the US, believe it or not. It’s not that Americans find this so surprising, given that many products here are made this way. Rather, what we find surprising is how you are hunting on our side of the Atlantic – while you still have some hunting left to do on your own side. It seems if you are looking for “secret” GM projects, you only need to look in any UK grocer:

  1. Almost all UK cheeses (about 90 percent) are produced using GM enzymes, made in a way similar to how Monsanto’s sweetener is made. This is according to several sources in the UK, including your own government. Why has this “secret” not made headlines in any of your newspapers yet? Are all these cheeses labeled “GM”, since you say it is the customers “right to know”? How can cheeses be treated differently if they are made with GM? Could there be a "cover up’?

  2. Many soybeans now being imported into Europe are being sold and labeled as “GM-free” – it should make you happy these aren’t the Monsanto kind. But does the UK know they are still getting soybeans genetically modified to be herbicide-tolerant, just like the Monsanto beans? These soybeans are labeled “GM-free”, simply because they get around US FDA policy. That policy states, “The agency has not required labeling for other methods of plant breeding such as chemical- or radiation-induced mutagenesis, somaclonal variation, or cell culture.” Who can assume “chemical- or radiation- induced mutagensis” – or any other science – is safer than what is done to Monsanto beans, especially when no one in the US has found any more testing data for these beans than the Monsanto ones?

Dan Spillane
Seattle, WA USA
CFSeattle@aol.com

Sorry for the delay in this reply, I was having network and profile problems until today.

In response to the question that you asked about bacteria having genes from other bacteria -

Yes, bacteria undergoing Transformation are genus and species indiscriminant as this mechanism is blind to the origin of the DNA. This is also true for Transduction in cases where the phage can have two or more host cells. A virus will destroy host cell DNA using restriction endo-nuclease enzymes which break the DNA at palindrome sites (places where the DNA base pairs are the same on both strands in the 3’ to 5’ direction). These pieces, if they are small enough, can be incorporated into the viral protein coat just like the viral DNA. In some cases the virus will contain ONLY previous host DNA. It is a very real possibility for these phages to serve as conduits for antibiotic resistance.

Usually bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics after they come into contact with the drug. In this mechanism, the bacteria that have a naturally higher resistance to the antibiotic survive while the sensitive bacterium die. Then when the remaining bacteria divide, they form a population that is more resistant to the antibiotic than the original. Alex is essentially correct, although all bacteria replicate themselves, the concept of interbreeding is not correct. There is no breeding period.

From earlier discussions (specifically of Roundup Ready plants) I wonder if you are aware that Roundup essentially over fertilizes plants to kill them?

Why Africa Needs Agricultural Biotech - Thursday, 1 July 1999
ISAAA
By Florence Wambugu

There is urgent need for the development and use of agricultural biotechnology in Africa to help to counter famine, environmental degradation and poverty. Africa must enthusiastically join the biotechnology revolution.

The public debate on transgenic crops in Europe is centred on fear and mistrust, quite possibly resulting from the experience over ‘mad cow disease’. A recent report1 from the Food Safety Authority of Ireland to address European Union concerns on genetically modified (GM) crops concluded that there is no evidence that transgenic foods are unsafe. The report, by a group led by Patrick Wall, the authority’s chief executive, says that concern in Europe is based on ethical, socioeconomic and anti-multinational issues; lack of knowledge or misinformation; environmentalism; food labelling; and consideration of the needs of developing countries.

Many of these concerns have nothing to do with food safety. Transgenic foods are eaten daily in the United States, Australia, Canada, Mexico and elsewhere with no reported undue effects2-4. Nevertheless, the experts’ advice does not seem to influence public opinion in Europe, probably because of a strong anti-biotechnology lobby that actively promotes misinformation and fear, and also because in some cases people have had good reason to distrust ‘expert’ pronouncements.

One example of Europeans’ concern for the Third World is ‘terminator technology’ – plants engineered to be sterile. But this technology is only a concept and is not being further developed. No products are planned for Africa or elsewhere. Critics of biotechnology have used the fear of this technology to promote serious anti-multinational attitudes – for example, crops in trials have been burnt in some parts of the world.

Another concern promoted by critics of food biotechnology is that of toxins or allergies. An example is the case of the unpublished study by Arpad Pusztai, formerly of the Rowett Research Institute in Scotland, who suggested that rats fed with GM potatoes expressing a snowdrop lectin were slowly being poisoned. After an independent scientific review, these results were found to be misleading and to have been misinterpreted5. But the anti-biotechnology lobby is still using them strongly to advance its case in Europe, even though transgenic foods are rigorously tested for possible toxins and allergens before commercialization.

Surely there are parallels to be drawn with an antibiotic such as penicillin, which has continued to be used for many years despite many people being allergic to it because the benefits clearly outweigh the risks. Why is the same reasoning not applied to transgenic foods, where risks at even this low level are not proven? The anti-biotech lobby also cites as controversial the recombinant DNA processes used to develop transgenic foods. But the same processes are used to develop numerous pharmaceuticals for humans and animals, and many other industrial products. The public seems prepared to accept the application of GM techniques to new pharmaceutical products but not to food production. Why should there be different standards for crops and pharmaceuticals, particularly in Africa where the need for food is crucial for survival?

African perspective

The critics of biotechnology claim that Africa has no chance to benefit from biotechnology, and that Africa will only be a dumping ground or will be exploited by multinationals 6,7. On the contrary, small-scale farmers in Africa have benefited by using hybrid seeds from local and multinational companies, and transgenic seeds in effect are simply an added-value improvement to these hybrids. Local farmers are benefiting from tissue-culture technologies for banana, sugar cane, pyrethrum, cassava and other crops. There is every reason to believe they will also benefit from the crop-protection transgenic technologies in the pipeline for banana, such as sigatoka, the disease-resistant transgenic variety now ready for field trials. Virus- and pest-resistant transgenic sugar-cane technologies are being developed in countries such as Mauritius, South Africa and Egypt.

The African continent, more than any other, urgently needs agricultural biotechnology, including transgenic crops, to improve food production. African countries need to think and operate as stakeholders, rather than accepting the ‘victim mentality’ created in Europe. Africa has the local germplasm, some of it well-characterized and clean, being held in gene banks in trust by centres run by the Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research. It also has the indigenous knowledge, local field ecosystems for product development, capacities and infrastructure required by foreign multinational companies.

The needs of Africa and Europe are different. Europe has surplus food and has never experienced hunger, mass starvation and death on the regular scale we sadly witness in Africa. The priority of Africa is to feed her people with safe foods and to sustain agricultural production and the environment.

Africa missed the green revolution, which helped Asia and Latin America achieve self-sufficiency in food production. Africa cannot afford to be excluded or to miss another major global ‘technological revolution’. It must join the biotechnology endeavour. Transgenic food production increased from 4 million to 70 million acres worldwide from 1996 to 1998 with measurable economic gains and with sustainable agricultural production2. It would be a much higher risk for Africa to ignore agricultural biotechnology. Africa’s crop production per unit area of land is the lowest in the world. For example the production of sweet potato, a staple crop, is 6 tonnes per hectare compared to the global average of 14 tonnes per hectare. China produces on average 18 tonnes per hectare, three times the African average. There is the potential to double African production if viral diseases are controlled using transgenic technology.

The African continent imports at least 25 per cent of its grain. The use of biotechnology to increase local grain production is far preferable to this dependence on other countries, particularly as the population growth rate exceeds food production. The inability to produce adequate food forces Africa to rely on food aid from industrialized nations when mass starvation occurs. Although biotechnology is not the only answer to this problem, Africa should certainly benefit in many ways from its use, for example in improved seed quality and resistance to pests and diseases.

The average maize yield in Africa is about 1.7 tonnes per hectare compared to a global average of 4 tonnes per hectare. Some bio-technology applications can be used to reduce this gap, for example in the case of the maize streak virus (MSV), which causes losses of 100 per cent of the crop in many parts of the continent. A biotechnology-transfer project is under way to develop MSV-resistant varieties. The project is brokered by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA), and involves the collaboration of the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), the University of Cape Town, the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology in Kenya, and the John Innes Centre in the United Kingdom. Funding is coming from the US Rockefeller Foundation, and Novartis in Europe has donated some technology to KARI.

Researchers at KARI are studying the mechanism of MSV resistance and trying to map the genes responsible. Advanced biotechnology skills, including the use of advanced agroinoculation techniques and molecular markers, is at the core of this effort. A priority in Kenya is also to produce high-yielding, drought-tolerant crop varieties to boost food production in the 71 per cent of the country that is arid or semi-arid.

Africa needs biotechnology to solve its environmental problems, and there is unlimited public demand for agricultural biotechnology products and services. In Kenya,

Here is another example of the kind of behavior that is prompted by the fears and anti-genetics sentiments in Europe. It’s too bad that they don’t just look at the technology rationally and evaluate the pros and cons instead of listening to obvious propaganda.

LONDON (Reuters) - Britain’s only plantation of genetically-altered trees has been attacked and partly destroyed, Anglo-Swedish pharma and agribusiness group AstraZeneca Plc said
Monday. In a statement, Zeneca Agrochemicals said two groups of poplar trees planted on land at its agricultural research site in Berkshire, near London, had been snapped and had their bark
stripped during the night Sunday. The trees are part of an eight-year experiment funded by the European Union and the paper-making industry to look at developing trees with lower levels of lignin, a polymer in the cell walls of trees which makes them rigid and woody. Zeneca argues that such trees could reduce the use of energy and chlorine in paper-making and pulping. It had publicized the existence and location of the trees.
The reason was to try to be open and not hide things,'' a spokeswoman told Reuters. This was the only trial in this country of genetically-modified trees, and it is sad because science is being sabotaged in the UK with a good aim for the environment – testing the environmental benefits of these trees.’’ An anonymous statement released on behalf of the people who attacked the trees – the Genetic Engineering Network – an activist group which opposes genetic modification of plants, said genetic alteration of trees was a major threat to the world’s environment.
Those who are manipulating the DNA of trees, using very powerful but new and dimly understood technology, show contempt for our planet and the life it supports, including human life. They respect only profit for themselves and shareholders,'' the statement said. In response Zeneca issued the text of a 1996 letter from English Nature, which advises the UK government on wildlife. In the letter, English Nature said it believed there was negligible risk to native flora and fauna from the experiment. We regard the development of modified poplars as potentially having a positive benefit for nature conservation if they are able to replace coniferous monocultures currently used for pulping,’’ the letter said. Zeneca said it was hoping to salvage much of the experiment, and would be reviewing security at its agricultural research site.

While this is off the immediate subject, it is a VERY important way that this type of technology is being put to use.
LONDON (Reuters) - British scientists are working on new gene therapy techniques to improve brain cancer treatments and to predict how women with breast cancer will respond to
treatment. Researchers at Britain’s Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden Hospital are testing a technique to switch on inactive chemotherapy drugs to kill cancerous cells. So far
results of laboratory tests have been encouraging.
We're seeing substantial cell death,'' Dr Gill Ross, one of the leaders of the program, told reporters. Brain tumors are among the most difficult cancers to treat because many types are resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy drugs have a limited effect on brain tissue. There are also no screening tests to identify risk factors for the illness that strikes an estimated 40,000 people in the European Union each year. Nearly half of patients with brain cancer die within a year of their initial diagnosis. In the so-called pro-drug’’ therapy, the scientists inject bacterial genes, wrapped in a virus, directly into the tumor. The genes trigger an enzyme in the tumor cells which switch on the
inactive chemotherapy treatment.
Preliminary laboratory data in tumor types suggests that this pro-drug gene therapy approach is not only feasible, but also effective, certainly under laboratory conditions,'' said Ross. Once the laboratory tests are completed, the researchers hope to start clinical trials on humans. They think the pro-drug therapy could be used with radiotherapy, the standard treatment along with surgery. Professor Mitch Dowsett, the head of academic biochemistry at the institute, said genes could also play a role in helping doctors choose the best treatments for breast cancer. By analyzing cancerous cells from the tumor and using microarrays -- small glass slides which carry a blueprint of 2,200 of the genes that exist in the cells -- doctors will be able to customize treatment for each patient. The cells are removed from the breast with a fine needle and washed over the slide before and during treatment. If the treatment is working there will be fewer cancerous cells and an increase in apoptosis, or cell death. If the cancerous cells continue to proliferate it means the drugs are not working because certain genes are activated to resist the treatment. We can avoid using ineffective drugs in patients that need treatment,’’ said Dowsett. In addition to customizing treatment and reducing side effects, the technique could also help scientists identify new treatments by showing which genes cause resistance to current treatments.
``We know very little about breast cancer genes, but this technique will allow us to look at many more and ultimately develop new drugs to deal with them,’’ said Dowsett. He and his team collaborated on the research with scientists from the National Cancer Institute in the United States.

Evil Monsanto?

Monsanto Joins First Lady’s Vitamin A Outreach Efforts

Beta Carotene Technology Offered to Developing World Farmers

WASHINGTON, D.C, March 16, 1999 — Life Sciences Company Monsanto today announced its support for First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton’s Global Vitamin A Effort to address the serious problem of Vitamin A deficiency throughout the developing world.

Monsanto announced that it would donate its high beta-carotene oil technology to subsistence farmers through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the First Lady’s Global Vitamin A partnership. Beta-carotene is a precursor to Vitamin A and when crops, such as rape seed or canola - members of the mustard family, are fortified with beta-carotene their seeds and oil can deliver this nutrient in sufficient levels to address deficiencies as part of the normal daily diet.

“We at Monsanto are pleased to lend our expertise and support to increasing awareness and finding appropriate and sustainable solutions to address Vitamin A deficiency and its devastating impact on peoples of the developing world,” said Monsanto President Hendrik Verfaillie. “Through education, awareness and application of appropriate technologies we can significantly improve the lives of some 800 million people, many of whom are children, who today suffer from Vitamin A deficiency-related diseases such as night blindness, immune system dysfunction, and high infant mortality rates.”

Monsanto’s High beta-carotene oil product, was created using a gene from a naturally occurring soil bacterium to increase the level of beta-carotene present within the plant. The gene is a close cousin of the plant gene normally responsible for regulating levels of beta-carotene production in the rape seed.

The main source of beta-carotene in most people’s diets is fresh fruit and vegetables or fortified milk and cereals. However, in some areas, particularly in developing countries where the diet consists mainly of rice and pulses (such as peas and beans), the diet is often highly deficient in beta-carotene and Vitamin A. Monsanto’s product will contain the highest concentration of beta-carotene that is seen in any oil or vegetable today. One teaspoon of the oil will provide the daily recommended intake for an adult.

Monsanto has created a High Beta-Carotene Oil Team that will work through the Global Vitamin A partnership and local stakeholders to identify those areas in greatest need to develop appropriate varieties of crops for those areas and climates. Mustard varieties, such as canola and rape, are already widely grown and part of the daily diets for many in the developing world. Monsanto expects that varieties designed for the climates and soil conditions for developing world countries in the greatest need could be available as early as 2003.

“Monsanto believes that life sciences companies can contribute to improving the lives of the millions of people suffering from malnutrition and hunger and help them break free from the cycles of poverty using tools such as biotechnology and sustainable agriculture appropriate to local cultures and conditions,” said Verfaillie. “Monsanto’s contribution today helps link the benefits of technologies developed for commercial use to the needs of those not fully participating in the world economy.”

Monsanto’s donation will allow poor and subsistence farmers to own and control this technology for their local use. Monsanto will work through the Global Vitamin A partnership and local stakeholders in determining the most effective and appropriate ways to deliver this technology to local areas.

Monsanto has previously donated technology and lent support for sustainable agriculture practices through NGOs and local governments in Latin America, Asia and Africa to address such issues as virus and disease resistance in subsistence crops like cassava and preventing soil erosion and increasing crop yields through conservation tillage.

Many development and research organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization, Council for Agricultural Science and Technology and the U.N. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) have recently announced their endorsement of agricultural biotechnology as an important tool in addressing the needs of subsistence and developing world farmers.

Monsanto is a life sciences company, committed to finding solutions to the growing global needs for food and health by applying advanced science to agriculture, nutrition and health. It makes and manufactures high-value agricultural products, pharmaceuticals and food ingredients.
-oOo-

For additional information, please contact:

Jay Byrne
(314) 694-3670

>>> EUROPEAN COVER-UP REVEALED <<<

[Transcript of letters sent by me to Europe. Some really good questions!]

Copy of letter sent 6/30/99 to EuropaBio, the biotech association in Europe*

To: Paul Muys, Communication Manager EuropaBio
CC: Editor, The Independent, UK

Dear Paul:

On June 20, 1999, the UK newspaper “The Independent” printed a headline article entitled “World’s top sweetener is made with GM bacteria.” That article mentioned that several UK MPs were “hunting” around for GM processes used in food production. Yet according to the article, the GM process to produce an enzyme was not even being used in the UK, but only in the US.

Upon reading this headline, it occurred to me that the UK public (and MPs) must be completely unaware that most of the world’s cheese is produced using the enzyme chymosin, a product of genetic engineering. Indeed, tracing back many months through all the UK press debate, I have found no headline story revealing the truth in this respect. I find it quite shocking (as I think others would) that this issue hasn’t been discussed at this point, particularly considering chymosin has some solid benefits – there aren’t enough calves to go around to make the alternative rennet, for example. How can an organization like EuropaBio neglect to inform the public that the cheese supply depends on a GM enzyme, particularly since the theme of the “GM food” campaign has been the “right to know”, rather than of food safety (which has been well established)? How can cheese be excluded – is it simply because it hasn’t been mentioned in the press? This is ridiculous.

In a related case, I find it astounding that the UK is importing herbicide-tolerant soybeans (DuPont “STS”) through US Archer Daniels Midland Co., which are being sold in the UK as “GM-free”, simply because they are genetically modified using a process different than those used in Monsanto beans, and this happens to let them slip through US FDA policy (the trick is, they leave the US as “identity preserved” and are re-labeled later). Surely, these beans contain genes for herbicide tolerance – just like the Monsanto beans. This is particularly vexing since I’ve noted “herbicide tolerance” as an issue of concern which often comes up for European customers (for example, Greenpeace brings this up as a key point). Therefore, how can the “debate” in Europe concerning these products neglect to mention that consumers will still be eating beans with genes for herbicide tolerance, when campaigners told them “GM-free” implied this wouldn’t be the case? There are around ten million acres of these beans being grown, by the way. This is no small matter.

I have written a letter to The Independent (attached below), informing them of these issues. They have not yet published my letter, probably since they too find my information shocking. Nevertheless, I think it is important that these two issues be brought into the UK debate, however uncomfortable that may be at this point. In fact, I plan on contacting folks in the UK until these issues are heard, or bringing my information to prominence on the Internet. That is of course, unless these issues are on the EuropaBio agenda – please contact me as soon as possible with any plans you have in this regard.

Sincerely
Dan Spillane
Seattle, WA USA

*** Unpublished letter follows ***
(Sent 06/21/1999)

To: Editor, Independent (UK)

“GM Hunting”

Your recent headline “World’s top sweetener is made with GM bacteria” (June 20) made it all the way to the US, believe it or not. It’s not that Americans find this so surprising, given that many products here are made this way. Rather, what we find surprising is how you are hunting on our side of the Atlantic – while you still have some hunting left to do on your own side. It seems if you are looking for “secret” GM projects, you only need to look in any UK grocer:

  1. Almost all UK cheeses (about 90 percent) are produced using GM enzymes, made in a way similar to how Monsanto’s sweetener is made. This is according to several sources in the UK, including your own government. Why has this “secret” not made headlines in any of your newspapers yet? Are all these cheeses labeled “GM”, since you say it is the customers “right to know”? How can cheeses be treated differently if they are made with GM? Could there be a "cover up’?

  2. Many soybeans now being imported into Europe are being sold and labeled as “GM-free” – it should make you happy these aren’t the Monsanto kind. But does the UK know they are still getting soybeans genetically modified to be herbicide-tolerant, just like the Monsanto beans? These soybeans are labeled “GM-free”, simply because they get around US FDA policy. That policy states, “The agency has not required labeling for other methods of plant breeding such as chemical- or radiation-induced mutagenesis, somaclonal variation, or cell culture.” Who can assume “chemical- or radiation- induced mutagensis” – or any other science – is safer than what is done to Monsanto beans, especially when no one in the US has found any more testing data for these beans than the Monsanto ones?

Dan Spillane
Seattle, WA USA
CFSeattle@aol.com

You guys are writing a book! Fascinating discussion, but it’s starting to take too long to load. So I’m locking this one… look for “Genetically engineered food - Part 2” to continue the debate!

bump - cecil post