J Okla State Med Assoc 2002 Mar;95(3):135-41
Second-hand tobacco smoke in Oklahoma: a preventable cause of morbidity and
mortality and means of reducing exposure.
Miner RN, Crutcher JM.
Tobacco Use Prevention Service, Oklahoma State Department of Health, USA.
Evidence has mounted in recent years establishing second-hand tobacco smoke
exposure as a cause of morbidity and mortality in nonsmokers. The ratio of
deaths is approximately one nonsmoker dying from illness caused by second-hand
smoke exposure for every eight smokers who die from diseases caused by tobacco
use. This is equivalent to about 750 nonsmoker deaths each year in Oklahoma
caused by exposure to second-hand smoke. This article reviews the components of
second-hand smoke, its health effects, its prevalence in Oklahoma, and the means
of protecting children and nonsmoking adults from exposure. Oklahoma physicians
are encouraged to advise their patients about the harmful effects of second-hand
smoke and to actively support public policies that decrease exposure to
second-hand smoke in public places and workplaces.
PMID: 11921863 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Tob Control 2001 Dec;10(4):383-8
How many deaths are caused by second hand cigarette smoke?
Woodward A, Laugesen M.
Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine, PO Box 7343,
Wellington South, New Zealand. woodward@wnmeds.ac.nz
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the number of deaths attributable to second hand smoke
(SHS), to distinguish attributable and potentially avoidable burdens of
mortality, and to identify the most important sources of uncertainty in these
estimates. METHOD: A case study approach, using exposure and mortality data for
New Zealand. RESULTS: In New Zealand, deaths caused by past exposures to second
hand smoke currently number about 347 per year. On the basis of present
exposures, we estimate there will be about 325 potentially avoidable deaths
caused by SHS in New Zealand each year in the future. We have explored the
effect of varying certain assumptions on which the calculations are based, and
suggest a plausible range (174-490 avoidable deaths per year). CONCLUSION:
Attributable risk estimates provide an indication for policy makers and health
educators of the magnitude of a health problem; they are not precise
predictions. As a cause of death in New Zealand, we estimate that second hand
smoke lies between melanoma of the skin (200 deaths per year) and road crashes
(about 500 deaths per year).
PMID: 11740032 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
J Calif Dent Assoc 2001 Jul;29(7):480
Second-hand smoke may cause caries in children.
Publication Types:
News
PMID: 11490686 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Aust N Z J Public Health 2001;25(1):90-3
Second-hand smoke at work: the exposure, perceptions and attitudes of bar and
restaurant workers to environmental tobacco smoke.
Jones S, Love C, Thomson G, Green R, Howden-Chapman P.
Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine, University of Otago,
New Zealand.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the knowledge of, and perceptions, attitudes and
exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) of staff in the New Zealand hospitality
industry. METHOD: Face-to-face interviews with bar staff, waiters, and bar and
eating-place managers and owners in Wellington during the 1999-2000 summer. An
analysis was made of the 1999 New Zealand Electoral Roll to find the number of
those most exposed to SHS. RESULTS: 435 interviews with full data recovery were
completed at 364 locations; 59% of interviewees were exposed to SHS, including
77% of those at licensed premises. More than half of those exposed to workplace
smoke reported irritation from SHS to their throat or lungs. Less than a third
were aware of the risk of strokes from SHS. Three-quarters of interviewees
wanted some sort of smoking restriction in bars. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of
interviewees were at risk of premature death and disease because of exposure to
workplace smoke, and had an incomplete knowledge of the dangers to which they
were exposed. More than 5,000 similar workers in New Zealand appear to share
this risk. Implications: This industry needs legislation to make it smoke free.
PMID: 11297311 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
W V Med J 2001 Jan-Feb;97(1):27-8
Second-hand cigarette smoke is a major contributor to asthma in children.
Wilson NW.
Section of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia
University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA.
PMID: 11257832 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
J Occup Med 1993 Sep;35(9):909-15
Asthma related to occupational and ambient air pollutants in nonsmokers.
Greer JR, Abbey DE, Burchette RJ.
Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Loma Linda
University, California 92350.
We attempted to determine the association between occupational and air pollutant
exposure with the development of adult asthma through the analysis of a
standardized respiratory questionnaire administered to a cohort of 3914
nonsmoking adults in 1977 and again in 1987. Ambient air pollution
concentrations were estimated over a 20-year period using monthly interpolations
from fixed-site monitoring stations applied to zip code locations by month of
residence and work site. Second-hand smoke exposure was significantly associated
with the development of asthma (related risk [RR] = 1.45, confidence interval
[CI] = 1.21 to 1.75). Airways obstructive disease before age 16 was related to a
marked increased risk (RR = 4.24, CI = 4.03 to 4.45). An increased risk of
asthma was significantly associated with increased ambient concentrations of
ozone exposure in men (RR = 3.12, CI = 1.61 to 5.85).
PMID: 8229343 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Am J Med 1992 Jul 15;93(1A):38S-42S
Passive smoking: the medical and economic issues.
Lesmes GR, Donofrio KH.
Center for Cardiovascular Research, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago
60625.
Since the late 1970s, the dangers associated with passive (involuntary) smoking
have been widely debated. While research throughout the world has produced
findings showing sidestream smoke to be harmful and possibly deadly to
nonsmokers, an equal number of studies have indicated that the harms have been
overstated or misclassified or that they are nonexistent. Those debates have
culminated in a report sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency and
other federal agencies. The report concludes that second-hand cigarette smoke
kills 53,000 nonsmokers a year and is a major cause of indoor air pollution.
This article identifies the major medical and economic issues in the debate on
side-stream smoke. It affirms the federal government’s position on the need to
create more smoke-free environments and impose stronger smoking restrictions
nationwide.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 1497002 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE