I can usually tell French, Spanish, Italian, English, Dutch and German apart. I can also tell that someone’s speaking something Slavic, but I can’t tell if it’s Russian, Polish, Bulgarian, Czech or anything else. Same with Scandinavian languages.
Same with lesser Romance languages; I’d be able to recognize that Provencal or Catalan are Romance languages, but it’s unlikely that I could tell what actual language it is, without more context. Meaning that if I’m in Barcelona and I hear something Spanish-like, I’d guess it’s Catalan, but if I was on the street here in the US, I’d realize it’s not Spanish, French or Italian, and that it is a Romance language, but that’s about it.
I can probably tell a Vietnamese speaker from other Asian languages, but that’s just due to having grown up in an area with a lot of Vietnamese spoken. I can’t tell Chinese from Korean or Japanese, for example. Or Tagalog from any of them.