It kind of depends on your personality what you find will stick, but the “bible” of getting things done (often abbreviated GTD) is David Allen’s book. I’ve never actually read it since — from what people who have read and implemented it have said — it can be boiled down into a few paragraphs.
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Collect — get everything out of your head and into a system. A system could be paper, computer, hybrid, whatever works for you. A “hipster PDA” is basically index cards held by a binder clip; a super lo-tech way to capture ideas, tasks, etc. I’ll detail my system later.
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Process — subcategories: trash, incubate, reference.
Crank through all the ideas, tasks, etc. you collect and figure out what you’re going to do with them. Are they actionable; i.e. can you actually do something with that item? Do you need to figure out dependencies; stuff you need to do before you can do the actual task?
The idea is to not think too much about things at this point, but just sort your items into basic categories. This should take you very little time once you get used to it.
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Organize — Iterate on 2. Figure out the actual dependencies. Set priorities and dates, etc. If it’s actionable, make it a Task or a Project. Task is short, finite, manageable. Project is longer, multi-step, can feel unmanageable unless you break it down into tasks.
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Review — Set up times to review (crank through all the steps) and figure out where your bottlenecks are. What are you not getting done? Why? Figure out how to get ideas and tasks through your system and into a workable form.
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Do — subcategories: defer, delegate. If you’re not going to do it yourself, are you going to put it off (set a definite date to deal with it) or give it to someone else to deal with?
(See: Getting Things Done - 43FoldersWiki for a more in-depth overview.)
You may be a more visual/creative person, in which case you might benefit from using a taskboard or kanban (literally: sign, board in Japanese). The key with this is to keep your daily tasks to a manageable number. Capture and process is very similar to GTD principles.
Use reminders and calendars. I put everything, EVERYTHING, into a reminder or calendar appointment. I’ve found that if I don’t block it out on a calendar, at least generally, someone will eat that “unallocated” time. It feels like a lot of work to do at the beginning — and it probably is a lot of work, since if you’re anything like me you probably had a big pile of unorganized shit to start with — but once you get started and keep with a system, it gets much, much easier. You can declare organization bankruptcy and just start organizing incoming stuff from day one, if you really need to. That probably is not any worse than the inconsistent mess you had in the first place.
I use my iPhone for nearly all capture, but I do have a small notebook that I use for when it’s socially unacceptable to be poking at a phone. People think you’re all intellectual and shit if you’re writing, but that you’re fucking around on Facebook if you’ve got your phone out. If it’s written down in the notebook, I get it into digital form as soon as I can.
I use Drafts because it launches faster than any other text/note app I’ve tried, and can send or process text in so many ways. I use TextExpander for tags, dates, and a few other things that save me repetitive typing. I send notes to Dropbox and access notes with Editorial (I used to use Notesy or Simplenote, either of which I would still recommend.) I use tags for fast search, and I date everything now. For example this post (since it ended up being more than a few sentences) ended up in nvALT tagged @dope @draft(2015-09-19) and when it’s done, I’ll tag it with my completion tag which will trigger another program I’ve set up to automatically sort my note files based on certain criteria.
Everything from my iPhone is synced to my Mac via Dropbox. I use nvALT because it’s fast and provides support for some other things that are probably too geeky to explain right now (like Markdown and Textile). I try to add calendar items and reminders as soon as possible, and then delete them from the capture system unless I need to make more extensive notes. I do brief daily sweeps to tag stuff that needs to be done soon, and a longer weekly review at the end of the week to find stuff that might slip through the cracks under time pressures, do bigger organization, set priorities, figure out what went wrong or right.
If you’re on Android/Windows, there are likely equivalent programs for everything I introduced here, but I don’t know them offhand. The basic idea is: have a way to collect all your stuff — ideas, tasks, projects, research — and process it to set reminders and appointments so that you don’t forget anything. Make capture and process a habit that requires little actual thought. Save your brainpower for actually doing the tasks, not getting them recorded.