Former qualified Officer of the Deck (OOD) on a submarine here…
(The OOD generally has the conn on a warship, meaning that’s the person who gives orders to the helmsman. Also, now that I think about it, I also qualified as a helmsman on a surface ship back when I was a midshipman.)
So anyway, on a submarine, we generally ordered either a full rudder (usually when going relatively slow) or a certain number of degrees (like “Right 5 degrees rudder”). I don’t recall ever ordering a “standard rudder.”
Other helm orders included “Rudder amidships,” meaning to bring the rudder back to zero degrees; and “Shift your rudder,” meaning to shift the rudder to the exact opposite of the previous order, like from right 5 degrees rudder to left 5 degrees rudder.
Orders are given in a specific format with the order repeated back to a avoid any misunderstandings, as follows:
OOD: “Helm, right 5 degrees rudder.”
Helmsman: “Right 5 degrees rudder, aye, sir.”
[Helmsman moves rudder to right 5 degrees.]
Helmsman: “Sir, my rudder is right 5 degrees.”
OOD: “Very well.”
Instead of just giving a rudder order, the OOD will often order a specific heading, ordering something like “Helm, come right to course 095.” Or sometimes this order will follow a given rudder order.
Lastly, hard rudder orders are almost never given except in an emergency situation (like trying to avoid a collision). That’s because putting a rudder over hard into the stops runs the risk of jamming the rudder in place.