so pretty much like Nubia, Ghana or even Zimbabwe, then…
This is not under dispute. Yes, people living in the equatorial jungle or the Kalahari Desert didn’t live in cities or have very sophisticated agriculture, mostly slash-n-burn or hunter-gathering. But no-one’s said any different. These people were not the majority of Africans.. The ones in the empires and other states were.
Rural? Peasants?
Everyone acquired these from the external world. *Except *agriculture, metalworking, and probably cattle farming, which Africans discovered for themselves. Oh, and domestication of cats.
See above.
So was Europe, until the 1700s.
Tribal peoples don’t have standing armies. Ask the British at Isandlwana how “tribal” the Zulus were.
Cite? I had them pegged as around 2000a later (7000BCE vs 9000-9500BCE) than the PPNB, and 1000a behind China. Probably contemporaneous with West African developments
Lately, I’d say no. But from Stone Age to Modern Age, sure.
Please cite your source for this “most people” please.
And also because it wasn’t really conducive to people, either. I think you’ll find that the interior was generally less-populated than the coasts, always. Except the Great Lakes areas, but then, so what? So they didn’t use the wheel. They didn’t use steam engines either. What’s the point? No wheels =/= tribal.
Cite for “no bridges” please.
In the interior? Why would you expect to?
There’s already been a cite above to show that this is rubbish. Do your research before you make statements about what Africa did or didn’t have.