But I disagree. Why is the second law but a statistical fact? I asserted and continue to assert that there have been no theoretical or observed violations of the second law of thermodynamics, as defined in the three primary sources in the original post. None of those formulations involve entropy, although Clausius in a corollary said entropy can never decrease. But he was using dS=dQ/T, not free energy or microstates.
So far the only violations of the second law have been violations of Clausius’s corollary, using different definitions of entropy. And it seems to me that said definitions of entropy also imply the possibility that the laws of Newton, Einstein, and Maxwell can also be violated, although the probability is vanishingly small.
~Max