While it is common to define racism as personal bigotry toward people of a different race, there is a common secondary definition in which “racism” is shorthand for structural racism.
For example, imagine that a police department decides to deploy its officers to precincts with the highest marijuana arrest rates. Perhaps entirely unknown to the people making that decision, those historical arrest rates were a consequence of prior policing decisions that weren’t based on the frequency of crime. And, if you go back far enough, you find that they have their origin in the kind of racism defined by personal bigotry.
Can we call that a racist decision? Well, it doesn’t involve any belief in the inferiority of people on the basis of race. However, it does treat people differently and worse on the basis of race, albeit indirectly. And it does find its origin in bigotry, even if historical. We therefore generally call such things structural or institutional racism.
Another example, if you don’t like that one. Consider that for many decades black people were prevented from living in the suburbs by a combination of explicitly race-based lending programs and by practices like racial covenants and red-lining (not to mention reduced generational wealth for reasons going back even further). Now, years later, suppose you have a state policy that favors the suburbs in some aspect, without any intent on the part of the policymakers to favor white people. Is that policy racist? Again, it isn’t racist on the surface. And it might not even be racist by intent of the people crafting the policy. But it does treat black people differently and worse, and it is ultimately the consequence of bigotry, just not bigotry of the people who crafted the new policy.
Racial segregation in 2017 and all of its consequences is another instance of structural racism. To the extent that a black five-year-old is a novelty to white kids in a private school, that’s the result of racism. And that same segregation has very likely planted early seeds of bias in those kids, unfortunately. At a minimum, it other-izes the black kids more than they would be if they had grown up in integrated settings. That’s not at all to suggest that these white kids think the black girl is inferior, or even that they could understand or verbalize racial ideas.
It’s partly a semantic debate, but the semantics matter. To deny that structural racism is racism is to deny the essential character of it. It isn’t just economics or the kind of natural exploration of differences that happens regardless of history. It’s the legacy of white supremacy and needs to be accurately identified in order to be defeated.