Uh no, they were NOT. That’s a myth just like the one about knights being winched onto their horses. Medieval Europeans were, on average, just an inch or two shorter than their modern-day descendants. Part of this misconception arose because of the smaller height of doors in medieval buildings (they were built that way to keep in heat) and skeletons of people from the industrial era, who really were stunted (the industrial era was an exceptionally unhealthy time period to live in). Medieval people actually ate very nutritious diets except in times of famine. Here’s some data from Food in Medieval England: Diet and Nutrition (2006) by C. M. Woolgar, Dale Serjeantson, Tony Waldron and from The Great Household in Late Medieval England by C.M. Woolgar:
The food supply fluctuated depending on the season, which is to be expected when methods of curing and storing food was limited. Preserved fruits, such as dried dates, figs, currants, and raisins were popular at Christmas and during Lent (when they would’ve provided a respite from fish). Leeks, onions, and cabbages were also commonly consumed with fish during Lent. Some fruits did not keep well and had to eaten immediately, like **strawberries **in the summer. Others, such as apples and pears, were kept for Christmas delicacies.
In winter, wheat, rye, and winter barley were sown, and from these were made breads, ale, and fodder for animals. In the spring were sown oats, spring barley, beans, and peas. Then as today, wheat made the preferred bread, but cheaper coarse breads were made (from most to least expensive) from rye, a barley/oats mixture, and ground-up peas and barley.
As for fish, cod and herring made up the bulk of fish eaten in medieval England. In Scotland and Northern England, saithe or coalfish were also popular. In southwestern England, hake was more popular than cod. By the 11th century, herring had become by far the most popular fish on much of the island. Whiting made up a distant third of the most popular fish, after cod and herring. Flounder seems to have been favored by the wealthy, as remains are found in the well-to-do sections of Winchester and London.
Cows and sheep were too valuable for their milk, musclepower, or wool to be eaten regularly by most peasants. Pigs, which provided little other than meat, were much more likely to end up in a pot. Peasants were not supposed to take game meant for highborn nobles like deer, boars, and rabbits, but some poached rabbits and wildfowl such as ducks and geese.
Wine was consumed in quantities that seem amazing to us. The Bishop of Hereford’s household in 1289-90 had a DAILY consumption of between 4-14 gallons of wine. At Christmas and Easter this could surpass 40 gallons. Milk for the most part was made into other things rather than being drunk outright: cheese, curds, and whey. Cider from apples and mead from honey were also drunk.
In the households of great nobles, it became common by about 1200 for Wednesday, Friday and Saturday to be days when no flesh was eaten – in other words, fish days. As for a highborn nobles’ diet, Woolgar gives us the example of Eleanor of Brittany, the niece of King John:
Monday: beef, pork, honey, and vinegar
Tuesday: pork, eggs, egret
Wednesday: herring, conger eels, almonds, eggs
Thursday: pork, eggs, pepper, and honey
Friday: conger eels, herring, almonds
Saturday: bread, ale, almonds, butter, eggs
Sunday: mutton, pork, chicken, and eggs
This diet seems to me to have been reasonably healthy; certainly, medieval people didn’t consume the ungodly amounts of sugar we do today. Scurvy and rickets would’ve been the plague of townsfolk, who lacked the easy access to fruits and vegetables that their country cousins enjoyed. Lead poisoning from pewter vessels and contaminated wine was a real danger. To address the myth that medieval people were malformed and much smaller than people today, here’s an analysis of skeletons taken at St. Peter’s Church, Barton-upon-Humber:
950-1149:
Mean height for males: 1.69 (5’5)
Mean height for females: 1.61 (5’2)
1150-1299:
Mean height for males: 1.70 (5’5)
Mean height for females: 1.59 (5’2)
Modern-day British:
Mean height for males: 1.76 (5’7)
Mean height for females: 1.62 (5’3)