My front lawn looked like that this spring. The culprit? Robins digging for grubs.
Last year I reseeded a portion of my lawn that had grubs. Believe me, if you have grubs, they aren’t exactly hard to find. I was in a mood, so I can tell you they really “pop” when you squeeze them between your thumb and forefinger.
Yep. And for a healthier lawn, put some clover seed on those holes. Monocultrue lawns are unhealthy, and require herbicide, pesticide, fertilization, and more frequent watering.
The holes are harmless.
We have raccoons, ravens and skunks doing the same. The lawn heals up fast.
And mowing. Honestly who gives a fig for an imperfect lawn 
But good luck I know it’s part of the American dream.
My lawn is still green, and nice to walk upon, with 4 species of clover, dandelions, 4 or more grasses, plantain, and others. I never spray with anything, just water it. The bees like it.
We don’t need no stinking lawns. First thing I did when we boughy our house was to remove the (cranefly-rich) lawn. Haven’t missed having one.
They’ve been spotted in central Illinois. The Armadillo Insurrection is moving northward! Their only natural predator - the automobile. They don’t even die of leprosy!
Crows aren’t the only birds who dig holes like that, our local Curved Bill Thrashers do damage like that to our clover patch in the spring. I assume they are going after insects and allow them to dig as many holes as they want until they get into the potted plants on the porch. Then I go out and scold them.
I envision a line of birds, looking guilty- while Jane in a professors robe lectures them on their misdoings.
So not Evil Nazi Groundhogs? Darn.