The onres thast bugged me were the three episodes where they tried to duplicate “Archimedes Burning Mirror”, for obvious reasons.
The first time they did it, they really did try to duplicate what Archimedes was originally said to have done, constructing a single quasi-paraboloidal mirror from sections of flat mirror. But Adam did it wrong, using a crude (very crude) mechanical gauge to set the angle. As you could tell from the “focal” spot that resulted, the focus job wasn’t very good. I’m nolt suirprised that it didn’t work.
For the second case, they brought in MIT Mechanical Engineering professor David R. Wallace, who had duplicated the experiment using multiple square mirrors about a foot on a side on a rooftop at MIT. But when he came to California to do it, they had him using copper mirrors instead of modern silvered mirrors. This might have been more period-accurate, but it was unexpected, and they had to spend a lot of time polishing the copper mirrors, which are, in any case, not as flat as modern silvered glass mirrors. They also used not-dry wood. (I talked with Professor Wallace at length about his experience). Wallace’s focus method was to cover all but one mirror at a time and orient that one correctly, then go rapidly on to the next, then to whip all the coverings off as rapidly as possible. IOf you do it rapidly enough, the sun doesn’t move much between start and end of alignment (Wallace called Adam an “aligning machine” for his speed at this)
For the third case, they used a lot of students holding a lot of modern silvered mirrors, and used a piece of netting to let them see where the reflected spot was going. This failed to ignite the ship, but did dazzle Jamie in his boat. Thjey declared the myth “Busted”
The thing is, this experiment HAS been performed successfully – in 1973 a Greek scientist, Ioannes Sakkas fot a team of volunteers with miorror “shields” and set fire to a floating boat. (60 soldiers aiming at a boat 160 feet away. Hedidn’t give the mirror size, but I estimate something like 1.5 square feet). In 2000 a German team at Osnabruck used 500 mirrors measuring about 0.2 sq feet each at a distance of 50 meters. They were able to set fire to the sails.
I analyzed the numbers for these and other attempts, including the Mythbusters trials. For these I used analysis which took into account the spread of the beam due to the angular subtense of the sun, and assumed perfectly flat and perfectly reflecting mirrors (not actually very far off, with modern aluminized mirrors). It’s in the second chapter of my book. If properly lined up, the second and third mythbusters attempts give about as much and significantyly more solar fluz per unit area on target than the Osnabruck methiod. All three Mythbusters trial would give more than Ioannes Sakkas’ effort.
So what’s the problem? A big part of it is the critical one – proper alignment. There is a very simple and more accurate method of properly aligning a mirror or heliograph to reflect light from the sun toward a target. It was, as far as I kn\ow, first derived as part of a plan to enable downed aviators in WWII to signal to ships. It was described in an Article in Applied Optics for October 1973 (Vol. 12, #10 Albert C. Claus “On Archimedes’ Burning Glass”, the article that arguably set off the modern debate on this topic). Hal Clement also describes it in his SF novel Cycle of Fire, which is where I first encountered it. It’s a nifty little method, and guarantees that you accurately tilt the mirror along both directions to properly reflect sunlight to any desired point. I’ve tried it myself, and it works very well – much better than the netting used in the Mythbusters third attempt.
There are a lot of YouTube videos, as well, showing people using banks of mirrors in ther backyards to set fire to model ships.
And for those of you who object that ships are WET, Prof. Wallace was abl;e to dry out absolutely soaked wood near the end of his Mythbusters episode and get it charred. Less soaked wood would’ve vcaught faster and from farther away.
Disclaimer:
I don’t believe that Archimedes actually did anything like this (nor did Proclus, said to perfortm a similar feat a long time later. Proclus is they guy said to have used banks of soldiers, each with an independent mirror-shield). The first account of his using such a mirror-weapon dates from centuries after his time. Furthermore, although not impossible to make, really good quality and flat* copper or brass mirrors are not trivial to make. I know – I’ve tried.
Furthermore, it is a toss-up as to whether he would’ve come up with the targeting method developed for the US Navy and described by Claus.
But my point is that, with the available knowledge and technology, this COULD have been done. There is nothing to have prevented the construction of a large “burning glass” or a trained team of mirror-shield-bearing “adaptive optics squad” And Mythbusters ought to have been able to demonstrate it.