# Other than IQ, are there any genetically-determined psychological differences between "races"?

**URL:** <https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371>\
**Category:** Great Debates\
**Created:** [May 28, 2012, 8:18pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371 "2012-05-28T20:18:41Z")\
**Posts on this page:** 20\
**Page:** 3

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**Author:** ![New\_Deal\_Democrat](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/n/9d8465/32.png) [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/New_Deal_Democrat)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:00pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/41 "2012-05-29T22:00:20Z")

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> [@John\_Mace](#):
>
> China comes it at 100, which is, by definition, the mean IQ score.
> 
> India, a caucasian country, comes it at 81.
> 
> Your data do not support your statements.
> 
> That first cite looks more like a GDP listing. Funny about that, huh? Rich countries produce high IQs and poor countries produce low IQs. What a coincidence!

Professor Richard Lynn, who created the chart, argues that high IQs produce wealth, and low IQs produce poverty. Africa is rich in natural resources, but the people of Iceland, with fewer natural resources, have higher average IQs.

Although China has an average of 100, Hong Kong tops the list with 107. Taiwan weighs in at 104. Singapore tips the scale at 103. The average of 100 for mainland China can be attributed to a lower per capita gross domestic product, but as the standard of living in China improves, and as the educational system also improves we can expect the average IQs in China to improve.

Biology is only one factor that influences IQ, but it is the most important.

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**Author:** ![BrainGlutton](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/82dd89/32.png) [@BrainGlutton](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/BrainGlutton)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:01pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/42 "2012-05-29T22:01:18Z")

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> [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](#):
>
> Those others lack epicanthic eye folds.

Nonsense. Chinese and Japanese and Vietnamese and Thais and Koreans and Filipinas are all lumped together in “Asian porn” – google it if you don’t believe me – therefore they are all the same race. What higher anthropological authority could there be?! 😉

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**Author:** ![tomndebb](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/t/b9e5f3/32.png) [@tomndebb](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/tomndebb)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:01pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/43 "2012-05-29T22:01:28Z")

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> [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](#):
>
> Negroes, whites, and Orientals are the three main races. Together they make up more than three quarters of the human population. As Professor Rushton has pointed out, they differ significantly not only in appearance, but in average ability levels and behavior.

You are simply wrong and Rushton is a proven liar. You are dodging, weaving, and squirming to move people into or out of your “three race” claim and you cannot even get your facts correct when you try it.

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**Author:** ![orcenio](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/orcenio/32/1036_2.png) [@orcenio](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/orcenio)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:02pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/44 "2012-05-29T22:02:27Z")

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> [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](#):
>
> Those others lack epicanthic eye folds. The inhabitants of India are considered to be Caucasian, although the darker skinned Indians are closely related to Australian Aborigines.

So you sliced the pie based on (your opinion of who) lack of eye folds? Why is the presence of eye folds so important to your model? Why not another morphological trait? Why use any morphological traits? Why not use measurements of genetic variance directly?

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**Author:** ![tomndebb](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/t/b9e5f3/32.png) [@tomndebb](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/tomndebb)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:04pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/45 "2012-05-29T22:04:07Z")

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> [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](#):
>
> Professor Richard Lynn, who created the chart, argues that high IQs produce wealth, and low IQs produce poverty.

And he had to invent over a third of his purported IQs to force the “data” into his claims.

It makes rather more sense that high wealth produces high IQs and poverty produces low IQs, but that would not allow the people at the top of the economic pyramid to look down on those who did not happen to have the luck, (and the weapons), to possess great wealth.

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**Author:** ![John\_Mace](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/john_mace/32/185_2.png) [@John\_Mace](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/John_Mace)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:05pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/46 "2012-05-29T22:05:12Z")

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> [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](#):
>
> Professor Richard Lynn, who created the chart, argues that high IQs produce wealth, and low IQs produce poverty. Africa is rich in natural resources, but the people of Iceland, with fewer natural resources, have higher average IQs.

The problem with that hypothesis is that it is myopically focused on the present time. Many European countries were quite poor not that long ago. Same with many Asian countries.

> [@](#):
>
> Although China has an average of 100, Hong Kong tops the list with 107. Taiwan weighs in at 104. Singapore tips the scale at 103. The average of 100 for mainland China can be attributed to a lower per capita gross domestic product, but as the standard of living in China improves, and as the educational system also improves we can expect the average IQs in China to improve.
> 
> Biology is only one factor that influences IQ, but it is the most important.

Then it should be easy to show that African Americans’ IQs correlate with the amount of black/white admixture they have, since that admixture is all over the map-- anywhere from 5% to 60%. Controlling for cultural factors, of course.

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**Author:** ![New\_Deal\_Democrat](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/n/9d8465/32.png) [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/New_Deal_Democrat)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:09pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/47 "2012-05-29T22:09:27Z")

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> [@John\_Mace](#):
>
> People in Thailand lack epicanthic folds?
> 
> Cite that they are more closely related to Australian?
> 
> There are some groups with markers indicating the descend from populations that also inhabited Australia, but you do realize that any genes they have from those populations are completely swamped out by the interbreeding that has been going on for, literally, thousands of years. And this does not correlate with skin color.

The Australoid race is a broad racial classification. The concept originated with a typological method of racial classification.[1][2][3] They were described as having dark skin with wavy hair, in the case of Veddoids from South Asia and Aboriginal Australians, or hair ranging from straight to kinky in the case of Papuan, Melanesian and Negrito groups.

According to this model of classification, Australoid peoples ranged throughout Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, New Guinea, Melanesia, and India. In the mid-twentieth century an argument emerged that Australoids were linked to proto-Caucasoids.

In the out of Africa theory, the ancestors of the Australoids, the Proto-Australoids are thought to have been the first branch off from the Proto-Capoids to migrate from Africa about 60,000 BCE, migrating along the now submerged continental shelf of the northern shore of the Indian Ocean and reaching Australia about 50,000 BCE.

> **[Australo-Melanesian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australoid_race)**
>
> Australo-Melanesians (also known as Australasians or the Australomelanesoid, Australoid or Australioid race) is an outdated historical grouping of various people indigenous to Melanesia and Australia. Controversially, some groups found in parts of Southeast Asia and South Asia were also sometimes included.
> While most authors included Papuans, Aboriginal Australians and Melanesians (mainly from Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu), there was controversy about the inclusion of the v...

During historical times the Australoids in India were conquered by Indo Europenas migrating from Europe. That is why major Indian languages like Hindi, and Urdo have similarities to European languages.

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**Author:** ![New\_Deal\_Democrat](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/n/9d8465/32.png) [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/New_Deal_Democrat)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:11pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/48 "2012-05-29T22:11:57Z")

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> [@John\_Mace](#):
>
> Then it should be easy to show that African Americans’ IQs correlate with the amount of black/white admixture they have, since that admixture is all over the map-- anywhere from 5% to 60%. Controlling for cultural factors, of course.

Whites in the United States have average IQs of 100. Orientals have averages of 106. Ashkenazic Jews have averages of 112. Blacks in the United States, average about 20 percent of European ancestry, and IQs of 85. Blacks in Africa have average IQs of 70.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![BrainGlutton](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/82dd89/32.png) [@BrainGlutton](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/BrainGlutton)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:12pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/49 "2012-05-29T22:12:17Z")

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> [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](#):
>
> During historical times the Australoids in India were conquered by Indo Europenas migrating from Europe. That is why major Indian languages like Hindi, and Urdo have similarities to European languages.

Prehistorical times, really, and the Aryans migrated to India from the steppes of Central Asia, not Europe. Other branches migrated westward from the steppes to Europe, and others southward to Persia/Iran.

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**Author:** ![orcenio](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/orcenio/32/1036_2.png) [@orcenio](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/orcenio)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:17pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/50 "2012-05-29T22:17:19Z")

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> [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](#):
>
> The Australoid race is a broad racial classification. The concept originated with a typological method of racial classification.[1][2][3] They were described as having dark skin with wavy hair, in the case of Veddoids from South Asia and Aboriginal Australians, or hair ranging from straight to kinky in the case of Papuan, Melanesian and Negrito groups.
> 
> According to this model of classification, Australoid peoples ranged throughout Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, New Guinea, Melanesia, and India. In the mid-twentieth century an argument emerged that Australoids were linked to proto-Caucasoids.
> 
> In the out of Africa theory, the ancestors of the Australoids, the Proto-Australoids are thought to have been the first branch off from the Proto-Capoids to migrate from Africa about 60,000 BCE, migrating along the now submerged continental shelf of the northern shore of the Indian Ocean and reaching Australia about 50,000 BCE.  
> [Australo-Melanesian - Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australoid_race)
> 
> During historical times the Australoids in India were conquered by Indo Europenas migrating from Europe. That is why major Indian languages like Hindi, and Urdo have similarities to European languages.

You talk of “Australoids” having dark skin with wavy hair and “Veddoids” having hair ranging from straight to kinky. So then it’s safe to say that: you use various **choice** morphological traits to lump various populations/groups together with your model of humanity (and guess when they “split”).

Why do you choose the morphological traits that you choose? Why these three: **hair form** , **eye shape** , and **skin colour**? Why are these your preferred morphological markers? Why not height? or genetic similarity or gene variance?

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**Author:** ![John\_Mace](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/john_mace/32/185_2.png) [@John\_Mace](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/John_Mace)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:21pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/51 "2012-05-29T22:21:19Z")

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> [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](#):
>
> The Australoid race is a broad racial classification. The concept originated with a typological method of racial classification.[1][2][3] They were described as having dark skin with wavy hair, in the case of Veddoids from South Asia and Aboriginal Australians, or hair ranging from straight to kinky in the case of Papuan, Melanesian and Negrito groups.
> 
> According to this model of classification, Australoid peoples ranged throughout Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, New Guinea, Melanesia, and India. In the mid-twentieth century an argument emerged that Australoids were linked to proto-Caucasoids.
> 
> In the out of Africa theory, the ancestors of the Australoids, the Proto-Australoids are thought to have been the first branch off from the Proto-Capoids to migrate from Africa about 60,000 BCE, migrating along the now submerged continental shelf of the northern shore of the Indian Ocean and reaching Australia about 50,000 BCE.  
> [Australo-Melanesian - Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australoid_race)
> 
> During historical times the Australoids in India were conquered by Indo Europenas migrating from Europe. That is why major Indian languages like Hindi, and Urdo have similarities to European languages.

Trust me, amigo, you are not going to teach me anything about genetics and human migration.

I’m asking you to demonstrate that there are populations of dark skinned Indians who are more genetically related to Australians than they are to other populations in and around India.

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**Author:** ![New\_Deal\_Democrat](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/n/9d8465/32.png) [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/New_Deal_Democrat)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:24pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/52 "2012-05-29T22:24:58Z")

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> [@tomndebb](#):
>
> And he had to invent over a third of his purported IQs to force the “data” into his claims.
> 
> It makes rather more sense that high wealth produces high IQs and poverty produces low IQs, but that would not allow the people at the top of the economic pyramid to look down on those who did not happen to have the luck, (and the weapons), to possess great wealth.

If poverty produces low IQs why is it that Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, who were poor when they came to the United States during the turn of the last century produced children and grandchildren who distinguished themselves intellectually? Why is it that after one or two generations Oriental Americans usually earn more than white Americans?

The same island contains Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Blacks are 95 percent of Haiti.

[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html)

The per capita gross domestic product of Haiti is $1,200.

[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html)

Blacks are 11 percent of the Dominican Republic.

[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html)

The per capita gross domestic product of the Dominican Republic is $9,300.

[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html)

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**Author:** ![orcenio](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/orcenio/32/1036_2.png) [@orcenio](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/orcenio)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:28pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/53 "2012-05-29T22:28:36Z")

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There are many interesting ways that humans differ (genetically -and its morphological results). From ability to digest milk, body shape, eye colour, hair colour, disease resistance, etc.

Why not use any of these traits as your markers? Why is (your personal judgement of) **hair form** , **skin colour** , and **eye shape** the most important? Why do you use one and not the others? Why do you use any of them?

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![orcenio](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/orcenio/32/1036_2.png) [@orcenio](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/orcenio)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:44pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/54 "2012-05-29T22:44:47Z")

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> [@orcenio](#):
>
> There are many interesting ways that humans differ (genetically -and its morphological results). From ability to digest milk, body shape, eye colour, hair colour, disease resistance, etc.
> 
> Why not use any of these traits as your markers? Why is (your personal judgement of) **hair form** , **skin colour** , and **eye shape** the most important? Why do you use one and not the others? Why do you use any of them?

The answer is quite obvious. You use (your own interpretation of) **hair form** , **skin colour** , and **eye shape** because… you want to. You put Vietnamese on one end, ignore the Thai and Burmese people and place Indians on another end because… you want to. For some reason it is important to you.

There is no other reason then that. Why do you want to divide “the global cake” this way? Why do you find that this is the most accurate depiction of humans? I don’t know.

There is one thing that we know for sure. That’s your divisions are certainly not an accurate depiction of human genetic variance. Humans differ genetically, but not in the ways you describe. What does humanity do with outdated or inaccurate models and scientific concepts? We throw them out.

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**Author:** ![Kobal2](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/kobal2/32/20_2.png) [@Kobal2](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Kobal2)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 10:57pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/55 "2012-05-29T22:57:53Z")

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> [@orcenio](#):
>
> What does humanity do with outdated or inaccurate models and scientific concepts? We throw them out.

Ah, about that: We, fellows of the Phlogiston Society, strenuously object to this politically correct liberal “oxidation” malarkey, and furthermore…

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![BrainGlutton](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/82dd89/32.png) [@BrainGlutton](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/BrainGlutton)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 11:05pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/56 "2012-05-29T23:05:59Z")

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> [@orcenio](#):
>
> What does humanity do with outdated or inaccurate models and scientific concepts? We throw them out.

No. That’s what **science** does with them. Humanity in general tends to be more conservative. Why else is evolution still an issue?!

“Of course, like every other man of intelligence and education I do believe in organic evolution. It surprises me that at this late date such questions should be raised.”

– Woodrow Wilson, 1922

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**Author:** ![John\_Mace](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/john_mace/32/185_2.png) [@John\_Mace](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/John_Mace)\
**Post date:** [May 29, 2012, 11:16pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/57 "2012-05-29T23:16:25Z")

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> [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](#):
>
> If poverty produces low IQs why is it that Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, who were poor when they came to the United States during the turn of the last century produced children and grandchildren who distinguished themselves intellectually? Why is it that after one or two generations Oriental Americans usually earn more than white Americans?
> 
> The same island contains Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Blacks are 95 percent of Haiti.
> 
> [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html)
> 
> The per capita gross domestic product of Haiti is $1,200.
> 
> [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html)
> 
> Blacks are 11 percent of the Dominican Republic.
> 
> [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html)
> 
> The per capita gross domestic product of the Dominican Republic is $9,300.
> 
> [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html)

Whites make up pretty much 100% of Albania. Per capita GDP: $7,741

Whites make up pretty much 100% of Germany. Per capita GDP: $43,741

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![New\_Deal\_Democrat](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/n/9d8465/32.png) [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/New_Deal_Democrat)\
**Post date:** [May 30, 2012, 12:52pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/58 "2012-05-30T12:52:47Z")

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> [@orcenio](#):
>
> There are many interesting ways that humans differ (genetically -and its morphological results). From ability to digest milk, body shape, eye colour, hair colour, disease resistance, etc.
> 
> Why not use any of these traits as your markers? Why is (your personal judgement of) **hair form** , **skin colour** , and **eye shape** the most important? Why do you use one and not the others? Why do you use any of them?

What really matters in determining race is a common genetic origin. This can be determined by examining DNA.

According to the out of Africa theory, which is the scientific consensus, modern humans evolved in Africa 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. From 50,000 to 70,000 one hundred to several hundred of these left Africa. Everyone who is not a 100 percent African Negro is descended from them. They had some children by Neanderthals they encountered, so everyone who is not a Negro has some Neanderthal ancestry. These immigrants from Africa traveled in various directions, acquiring different racial characteristics.

The ancestors of the Neanderthals left Africa several hundred thousand years earlier.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![orcenio](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/orcenio/32/1036_2.png) [@orcenio](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/orcenio)\
**Post date:** [May 30, 2012, 1:27pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/59 "2012-05-30T13:27:15Z")

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> [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](#):
>
> What really matters in determining race is a common genetic origin. This can be determined by examining DNA.

Great. So you understand that any model you base on (your personal interpretation) of these **choice** morphological differences ( **hair form** , **skin colour** , **eye shape** ) is simply a roundabout way of measuring genetic variation? And that any human population structure model that you form is heavily reliant on:

a) the above markers you have chosen and b) the ways you have chosen to interpret their degree of importance?

So keeping this in mind…You would see that it would be more accurate to forgo using morphological markers entirely in favour for measurement involving DNA analysis. I mean why use a **choice** set of morphological features to infer genetic similarity/difference when one can look at DNA directly? You agree right?

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![iiandyiiii](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/iiandyiiii/32/7924_2.png) [@iiandyiiii](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/iiandyiiii)\
**Post date:** [May 30, 2012, 3:48pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/other-than-iq-are-there-any-genetically-determined-psychological-differences-between-races/623371/60 "2012-05-30T15:48:30Z")

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> [@New\_Deal\_Democrat](#):
>
> What really matters in determining race is a common genetic origin. This can be determined by examining DNA.
> 
> According to the out of Africa theory, which is the scientific consensus, modern humans evolved in Africa 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. From 50,000 to 70,000 one hundred to several hundred of these left Africa. Everyone who is not a 100 percent African Negro is descended from them. They had some children by Neanderthals they encountered, so everyone who is not a Negro has some Neanderthal ancestry. These immigrants from Africa traveled in various directions, acquiring different racial characteristics.
> 
> The ancestors of the Neanderthals left Africa several hundred thousand years earlier.

But there are populations of black Africans who have a more recent common ancestor w/ non-African populations then they do with other black African populations. So how can they both be “Negro”, when one group is more closely related to “white folks” (for example) than to the other black African group?

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