# Pit Bulls (continued) **URL:** \ **Category:** The BBQ Pit\ **Created:** [October 8, 2013, 7:18pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714 "2013-10-08T19:18:35Z")\ **Posts on this page:** 20\ **Page:** 25
**Author:** ![The\_Flying\_Dutchman](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/t/9fc348/32.png) [@The\_Flying\_Dutchman](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/The_Flying_Dutchman)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 7:20pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/481 "2013-12-31T19:20:36Z")
> [@Stoid](#): > > Sounds good, I guess, except it doesn’t mean a thing. I refer to your denigrating the “integrity” of Shayna’s argument. Really bugs me when people use words without really having a solid comprehension of their meaning. Bah. Perhaps you could explain to me which word or words I’ve used that you think I haven’t properly comprehended. ---
**Author:** ![kambuckta](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/k/53a042/32.png) [@kambuckta](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/kambuckta)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 8:58pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/482 "2013-12-31T20:58:17Z")
> [@Stoid](#): > > Ah, now we come to the heart of it… You suffer from the the silly, laughable impression that no matter how much of a burden and a pain it might be to millions of other people, you are entitled to be protected from all potential harm, no matter how infintesimal the possibility of it actually coming to pass. Why should severely restricting the breeding of pitbulls (and crossing of them with other breeds to create all sorts of Frankenstein’s monsters) be a burden or a pain? It’s just a control problem: nobody is suggesting ripping your sweet little bundle of joy out of your loving arms and shootin’ them in the head fer’ chrissakes. Well, I would actually, so lucky I’m not a lawmaker. 😃 Make registered breeders go through hoops to get licenses, and every time a pit or pit cross comes into a shelter (without microchipping etc) have it put down. The value of the dog will become prohibitive for all but the most die-hard nutters, and the crazy cross-breeds will be off the streets within a few generations. If that’s too much of a ‘pain’ for you, then maybe you’re not committed enough to own a pibble. See? > [@](#): > > Well, get over yourself and take steps to avoid being in the presence of dogs that scare you. Your irrational fear is your problem, not mine. And shame on your sense of entitlement. Tell that to [Ayen Chol’s](http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-07-30/man-fined-over-fatal-dog-attack/4163046) family. For those of you who can’t be arsed clicking on the link, (it’s the one I provided previously) a little four year old girl was in **her own house** when a neighbour’s dog rushed in, attacked two adults and mauled the littlie to death. Sense of entitlement? Good god, you’re a stupid woman. That child had an entitlement to live safely. I’d go so far as to say you’re fucking evil, but it’s January 1st here now, and I’m feeling all forgiving and magnanimous and stuff. Happy New Year everyone: how many people are going to die in 2014 because stupid entitled pitbull owners refuse to acknowledge the truth? ☹ ---
**Author:** ![Shayna](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/shayna/32/17976_2.png) [@Shayna](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Shayna)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 9:21pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/483 "2013-12-31T21:21:53Z")
> [@kambuckta](#): > > Why should severely restricting the breeding of pitbulls (and crossing of them with other breeds to create all sorts of Frankenstein’s monsters) be a burden or a pain? It’s just a control problem: nobody is suggesting ripping your sweet little bundle of joy out of your loving arms and shootin’ them in the head fer’ chrissakes. Well, I would actually, so lucky I’m not a lawmaker. 😃 > > Make registered breeders go through hoops to get licenses, and every time a pit or pit cross comes into a shelter (without microchipping etc) have it put down. The value of the dog will become prohibitive for all but the most die-hard nutters, and the crazy cross-breeds will be off the streets within a few generations. If that’s too much of a ‘pain’ for you, then maybe you’re not committed enough to own a pibble. See? > > Tell that to [Ayen Chol’s](http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-07-30/man-fined-over-fatal-dog-attack/4163046) family. For those of you who can’t be arsed clicking on the link, (it’s the one I provided previously) a little four year old girl was in **her own house** when a neighbour’s dog rushed in, attacked two adults and mauled the littlie to death. > > Sense of entitlement? Good god, you’re a stupid woman. That child had an entitlement to live safely. I’d go so far as to say you’re fucking evil, but it’s January 1st here now, and I’m feeling all forgiving and magnanimous and stuff. > > Happy New Year everyone: how many people are going to die in 2014 because stupid entitled pitbull owners refuse to acknowledge the truth? > > ☹ If you were telling the truth, that would be one thing. You aren’t. In every case, a human being was irresponsible or negligent in some way, the same way gun deaths are attributable to human beings being irresponsible. I don’t see you advocating for destroying all guns the moment they’re made to eliminate the “thing” that’s causing so many tragic deaths, like the one where [a 5-year-old Kentucky boy fatally shot his 2-year-old sister](http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/01/us/kentucky-accidential-shooting/index.html), or the one where [a 5-year-old was fatally shot in the head](http://dfw.cbslocal.com/2013/05/11/five-year-old-shot-in-head/) by his brother, or [the 3-year-old who fatally shot himself](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/08/florida-3-year-old-fatally-shoots-self_n_3237898.html) with his uncle’s gun … you get the picture. In fact, the incidence of children killed by guns in the U.S. [**has risen 60 percent in 10 years!**](http://www.newser.com/story/176570/us-child-gun-deaths-rose-60-in-10-years.html) The incidence of a “pit bull type dog” escaping one house, entering another house, and killing a 5-year-old is exactly ONE. So, sorry, but the answer _still_ isn’t banning _a breed that doesn’t exist_. The answer, which has a proven model in place in Calgary, is **DOG-SPECIFIC** bylaws. > [@](#): > > [The bylaw officers in Calgary](http://www.defendingdog.com/id38.html) have taken a stand against breed banning, and responded to dog bite concerns with a tougher licensing program and stronger enforcement. The City of Calgary also spends considerable funds on dog safety public awareness and education campaigns. Research shows that just 1 hour of dog safety training in grades 2 and 3 can reduce these attacks by 80%. > > **“We don’t punish breeds, we punish behavior,”** said chief bylaw officer Bill Bruce. “The bottom line is, we believe all dogs are capable of biting.” > > In Calgary, 90 per cent of dogs are licensed, allowing bylaw officers to keep track of pets and owners. The city also has a strict fine structure that includes a $250 penalty for chase incidents and $350 fines for bites. **The bylaw also allows the officers to declare specific dogs as “dangerous” and this label brings with it higher license fees, muzzling rules and age restrictions on the dog’s handlers.** The bylaw states that a dog can only be destroyed by owner request or court order. … > > “We decided after listening to the people, they were right,” he said. > > The success of their actions? Approximately 1000 reported dog bites in 1985 and 260 reported dog bites in 2003. > > Calgary’s dangerous dog legislation was implemented in response to the bite problem. **Dangerous dog, not dangerous breed. The results speak for themselves – a 70% drop in the number of OVERALL dog bites.** Happy New Year. Hopefully next year you’ll be a little better informed than you are this year. ---
**Author:** ![Stoid](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/stoid/32/272_2.png) [@Stoid](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Stoid)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 9:36pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/484 "2013-12-31T21:36:05Z")
> [@The\_Flying\_Dutchman](#): > > Perhaps you could explain to me which word or words I’ve used that you think I haven’t properly comprehended. That is precisely what I just did! :eek: _integrity_ ---
**Author:** ![DragonAsh](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/d/db5fbb/32.png) [@DragonAsh](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/DragonAsh)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 9:41pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/485 "2013-12-31T21:41:17Z")
> [@Shayna](#): > > ::sigh:: Yeah, I noticed your ‘experts’ cite was from a site called ‘fight ontario ban’. No bias there! ---
**Author:** ![Shayna](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/shayna/32/17976_2.png) [@Shayna](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Shayna)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 9:44pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/486 "2013-12-31T21:44:53Z")
Again, for those who keep advocating destroying all “pit bulls,” I ask, **WHAT’S A PIT BULL?** There is no such breed. There are many, many breeds that are close in appearance that are frequently mistaken for “pit bull type dogs,” and several _different_ breeds that fall into this category. Not to mention mixed breeds that look like a bull dog or a boxer or an American Pit Bull Terrier, but aren’t pure-bred anything. So where do you start the banning or the killing? Which dogs get it first? ---
**Author:** ![The\_Flying\_Dutchman](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/t/9fc348/32.png) [@The\_Flying\_Dutchman](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/The_Flying_Dutchman)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 9:45pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/487 "2013-12-31T21:45:19Z")
I know what _integrity_ means. What did you think I thought it meant ? ---
**Author:** ![Shayna](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/shayna/32/17976_2.png) [@Shayna](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Shayna)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 9:48pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/488 "2013-12-31T21:48:20Z")
> [@DragonAsh](#): > > Yeah, I noticed your ‘experts’ cite was from a site called ‘fight ontario ban’. No bias there! Are you fucking kidding me? They cited WHO the expert was, who is CLEARLY a qualified EXPERT, and the alternative they are recommending, which is the Calgary method, which I also quoted above. You can’t even read for comprehension so why the FUCK would I trust YOUR opinion on which dogs to ban or destroy. Now go fuck off and have a happy new year. ---
**Author:** ![Stoid](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/stoid/32/272_2.png) [@Stoid](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Stoid)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 9:49pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/489 "2013-12-31T21:49:12Z")
> [@Shayna](#): > > If you were telling the truth, that would be one thing. You aren’t. > … > > The incidence of a “pit bull type dog” escaping one house, entering another house, and killing a 5-year-old is exactly ONE. > > So, sorry, but the answer _still_ isn’t banning _a breed that doesn’t exist_. The answer, which has a proven model in place in Calgary, is **DOG-SPECIFIC** bylaws. > > Happy New Year. Hopefully next year you’ll be a little better informed than you are this year. What Shayna said. X10. ---
**Author:** ![boytyperanma](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/4491bb/32.png) [@boytyperanma](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/boytyperanma)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 9:57pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/490 "2013-12-31T21:57:13Z")
In a 2minute minute google search I found these incidents of trees killing people! Should we ban pine trees because they are responsible for the most deaths or should we limit trees to no more than 8 feet in height. Statistically I think its more likely you’ll be killed by a falling tree than any breed of dog. Why do we let this menace continue. I’m sure I can find a story of a 5 year killed by a tree to pull at your heart strings! 62 Workers in the logging industry died last year in tree related deaths, these are supposed experts! 149 people have died to falling trees this year! Clearly this is a more pressing problem. > **[Family, neighbors mourn death of boys killed in storm](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/10/30/north-salem-boys-killed-sandy/1668567/)** > > Two boys died when large tree fell into family room of home. > **['I wish it had been me,' says elderly neighbor after fallen tree kills teen](https://www.wave3.com/story/22821358/i-wish-it-had-been-me-says-elderly-neighbor-after-fallen-tree-kills-teen/)** > > Family, friends and neighbors continue to mourn for the young teenager killed tragically during Wednesday's severe storms. Zackery Foree, 13, was riding his scooter when a large tree branch snapped from the trunk and pinned him. [http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/051606/met\_falling.shtml](http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/051606/met_falling.shtml) Personally I’m afraid my neighbor might recklessly grow a tree that falls down and kills me. I think he should be banned from owning one. ---
**Author:** ![Stoid](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/stoid/32/272_2.png) [@Stoid](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Stoid)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 9:57pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/491 "2013-12-31T21:57:17Z")
> [@The\_Flying\_Dutchman](#): > > I know what _integrity_ means. What did you think I thought it meant ? I have no idea what you _thought_ it meant, since the way you used it made no sense. There was and is no lack of integrity in Shayna’s arguments to begin with, but if there were, it would not be indicated by her assessment of your belief that the reason for a perceived change in behavior of kids around dogs is due to a greater number of bully breed dogs in the world. Which leads me to conclude that you don’t understand what integrity means. > [@](#): > > Originally Posted by The Flying Dutchman > Your assessment of that experience , “crap”, has _ **no possible foundation at all and is indicative of the integrity of your argument.** _ ---
**Author:** ![crucible](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/c/5f8ce5/32.png) [@crucible](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/crucible)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 9:57pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/492 "2013-12-31T21:57:32Z")
> [@Stoid](#): > > Ah, now we come to the heart of it… You suffer from the the silly, laughable impression that no matter how much of a burden and a pain it might be to millions of other people, you are entitled to be protected from all potential harm, no matter how infintesimal the possibility of it actually coming to pass. > > Well, get over yourself and take steps to avoid being in the presence of dogs that scare you. Your irrational fear is your problem, not mine. And shame on your sense of entitlement. What an absolutely flatulent thing to say–I’m a sissy because I deplore humAns being killed and scarred and maimed by animals you have an irrational and illogical love for. You prefer dogs to people… ---
**Author:** ![Stoid](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/stoid/32/272_2.png) [@Stoid](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Stoid)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 10:03pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/493 "2013-12-31T22:03:23Z")
> [@boytyperanma](#): > > In a 2minute minute google search I found these incidents of trees killing people! Should we ban pine trees because they are responsible for the most deaths or should we limit trees to no more than 8 feet in height. Statistically I think its more likely you’ll be killed by a falling tree than any breed of dog. Why do we let this menace continue. I’m sure I can find a story of a 5 year killed by a tree to pull at your heart strings! > > 62 Workers in the logging industry died last year in tree related deaths, these are supposed experts! > > 149 people have died to falling trees this year! Clearly this is a more pressing problem. > > [Family, neighbors mourn death of boys killed in storm](http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/10/30/north-salem-boys-killed-sandy/1668567/) > > ['I wish it had been me,' says elderly neighbor after fallen tree kills teen](http://www.wave3.com/story/22821358/i-wish-it-had-been-me-says-elderly-neighbor-after-fallen-tree-kills-teen) > > [http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/051606/met\_falling.shtml](http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/051606/met_falling.shtml) Indeed! This is the fundamental poverty of the arguments made against pit bulls; almost anything that kills at all kills more people per year than pit bulls do, starting with parents! If we’re going to control anything in the hopes of keeping children safe, we should begin with controlling who breeds human beings, forget breeding dogs. ---
**Author:** ![boytyperanma](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/4491bb/32.png) [@boytyperanma](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/boytyperanma)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 10:07pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/494 "2013-12-31T22:07:35Z")
> [@crucible](#): > > You prefer dogs to people… There is good reason for that! I’m a hell of a lot more likely to be killed by a person than a dog. Lets ban people! Maybe just ban the breed of them that is responsible for the most homicides? ---
**Author:** ![Stoid](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/stoid/32/272_2.png) [@Stoid](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Stoid)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 10:11pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/495 "2013-12-31T22:11:17Z")
> [@crucible](#): > > What an absolutely flatulent thing to say–I’m a sissy because I deplore humAns being killed and scarred and maimed by animals you have an irrational and illogical love for. You prefer dogs to people… You don’t deplore human beings being killed. You deplore having to deal with your own irrational and illogical fear of things which are not part of your life, so you want to control other people’s lives to serve yourself. ---
**Author:** ![The\_Flying\_Dutchman](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/t/9fc348/32.png) [@The\_Flying\_Dutchman](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/The_Flying_Dutchman)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 10:17pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/496 "2013-12-31T22:17:01Z")
> [@Shayna](#): > > Are you fucking kidding me? They cited WHO the expert was, who is CLEARLY a qualified EXPERT, and the alternative they are recommending, which is the Calgary method, which I also quoted above. Ah, you like the Calgary method do you? A reduction in dog bites is nice, BUT THAT IS NOT THE ISSUE ! [Here in Calgary](http://www.calgarysun.com/2013/08/13/owners-of-pair-of-pit-bulls-charged-after-vicious-attack-on-another-dog-in-calgarys-coach-hill), this past August, two pits provide the familiar scenario of a pitbull attack on another “nice” dog and the heroic efforts required to get them to release. > [@](#): > > With her Coach Hill home undergoing renovations Thursday night, Samantha Domagala said she left the front door open while windows were being installed, allowing one of the pit bulls to walk inside about 9:30 p.m. > > “It came between myself and my dog and kind of lured my dog outside,” she said. > > “He was playful at the beginning and I said, ‘whose dog is this?’ because I’d never seen it before. > > “I was concerned so I followed outside and there was another pit bull and as soon as my dog got off the front porch, they both attacked him.” > > Domagala said one pit bull latched onto the neck of her seven-year-old coonhound-beagle cross, Arlo, while the other one attacked. > > “They dragged my dog about (six metres) from my driveway onto the neighbour’s driveway,” she said. > > “It was a tandem attack.” > > Hearing Domagala’s screams, neighbours and some of the renovation crew came running and tried to get the dogs apart. > > “Two witnesses were trying to get the dogs off and one actually tried to use a pry bar and was unsuccessful,” she said. > > “They hit the dogs with it and they didn’t release. > > “They didn’t release until they were ready.” Yea, that bylaw is an enormous success :dubious: > [@](#): > > Domagala said while she doesn’t want to see the pit bulls killed, she doesn’t want them living next to her any more. > > “I have a one-year-old daughter and this could have been her,” she said. > > “Just a day before she was playing in the exact spot he was mauled.” Just not in my back yard heh ? ---
**Author:** ![DragonAsh](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/d/db5fbb/32.png) [@DragonAsh](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/DragonAsh)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 10:20pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/497 "2013-12-31T22:20:33Z")
> [@Shayna](#): > > Are you fucking kidding me? They cited WHO the expert was, who is CLEARLY a qualified EXPERT, and the alternative they are recommending, which is the Calgary method, which I also quoted above. > > You can’t even read for comprehension so why the FUCK would I trust YOUR opinion on which dogs to ban or destroy. > > Now go fuck off and have a happy new year. One ‘expert’. One. And who says she’s an expert? What training has she had? What’s her background? > [@](#): > > She believes that dog training has little to do with obedience and everything to do with building relationships that are based on trust and mutual respect That’s your ‘expert’. And go fuck off yourself. Have a \*safe \*new year with your land shark. ---
**Author:** ![kambuckta](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/k/53a042/32.png) [@kambuckta](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/kambuckta)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 10:49pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/498 "2013-12-31T22:49:54Z")
> [@Shayna](#): > > Again, for those who keep advocating destroying all “pit bulls,” I ask, **WHAT’S A PIT BULL?** > > There is no such breed So why are you defending them? You call your own dogs ‘pibbles’…are they or aren’t they pit bull type dogs? ---
**Author:** ![kambuckta](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/k/53a042/32.png) [@kambuckta](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/kambuckta)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 10:57pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/499 "2013-12-31T22:57:11Z")
> [@Shayna](#): > > In every case, a human being was irresponsible or negligent in some way, the same way gun deaths are attributable to human beings being irresponsible. I don’t see you advocating for destroying all guns the moment they’re made to eliminate the “thing” that’s causing so many tragic deaths, like the one where [a 5-year-old Kentucky boy fatally shot his 2-year-old sister](http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/01/us/kentucky-accidential-shooting/index.html), or the one where [a 5-year-old was fatally shot in the head](http://dfw.cbslocal.com/2013/05/11/five-year-old-shot-in-head/) by his brother, or [the 3-year-old who fatally shot himself](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/08/florida-3-year-old-fatally-shoots-self_n_3237898.html) with his uncle’s gun … you get the picture. > > In fact, the incidence of children killed by guns in the U.S. [**has risen 60 percent in 10 years!**](http://www.newser.com/story/176570/us-child-gun-deaths-rose-60-in-10-years.html) I don’t get into gun control pissing matches on this board because I happen to live in Australia, and it’s as futile as arguing with people like yourself w/re dogs. I quite appreciate having strict gun control measures here, and would personally like them to be stricter still, but again, that’s just me I guess. Anyway, I’m going to enjoy my New Years Day, and hereby bowing out of this thread. It’s a pointless waste of time. I know **Stoid** has always had a reputation for being a nutter of all sorts of flavours, but _you_ **Shayna** …I seriously would have expected a more level-headed approach. Seems I was wrong. ---
**Author:** ![boytyperanma](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/4491bb/32.png) [@boytyperanma](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/boytyperanma)\ **Post date:** [December 31, 2013, 10:58pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714/500 "2013-12-31T22:58:59Z")
> [@kambuckta](#): > > So why are you defending them? You call your own dogs ‘pibbles’…are they or aren’t they pit bull type dogs? Might be able to answer the question if you could define ‘pit bull type dogs’ [Previous page](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714.md?page=24) [Next page](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/pit-bulls-continued/670714.md?page=26)