I think that I do actually understand walor’s point. I think it runs along the following lines:
It used to be that we lived in a discrete and finite observable world. If we wanted to know about something, then we would observe it directly. Initially that observation was by eye alone and then it became by telescope, microscope etc - but we were still directly observing that which we wanted to know about.
However with technology came the power to split our discrete, finite world into smaller and smaller parts. A near continuum of observable points opened up.
Suddenly we couldn’t observe everything directly any more. We had to observe classes of observables and extrapolate or interpolate. To use andros’s analogy, we started to have to assume that if one m&m had “m&m” written on it, then they all must have.
Worse was to come. We started observing effects on observables that came from sources we could’t observe by first order means. We had to employ second-order methods to find out more.
I think that walor’s problem is that as our observable universe expands, the proportion of it that we can ever actually observe diminishes.
To pose another analogy: it is generally believed that Blaise Pascal was the last mathematician to know everything there was to know about mathematics available at the time of living. Certainly these days it would be impossible to know all of mathematics. In some ways this is a dilution of knowledge - as we have to specialise, we lose the ability to see the bigger picture.
Having said all that, it won’t surprise walor to learn that I disagree with him. I think that mangetout’s point is that there is no such thing as a true “first-order” observation. Everything we observe is via an interaction. Further, the assumption that all m&ms will have “m&m” printed on them entirely acceptable if we know the mechanism by which the word “m&m” appears. And the dilution of observation really just means that we have people peering at every facet of the larger whole rather than poking about on the surface.
Really, science has never been healthier. Quite the reverse from running out of steam, it seems to me that discoveries and theories have been building up and accelerating to the extent that I really wonder what will be the astonishing result in 50, 20 or even 10 years’ time. It seems almost daily that incredible advances in medicine and biological science are announced - understanding and potential cures of alzheimers, parkinsons and even the aging mechanism. We have cloned sheep and even teleported photons. Science has barely begun.
pan