Finally… my Master’s thesis becomes useful.
I wrote my MA thesis on ‘The Drive for 35’, a series of strikes by the British Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions (mainly the AEU) with the stated aim of reducing the working week from 39 hours to 35. In most cases, there was partial success, with the contracted week dropping mainly to 37.
In general, there can be seen to be 2 elements to the shorter workking week battle. In the post-war period, it was a way of back-dooring pay rises, especially in the face of mandated pay restraint - a shorter working week with the same hours worked would lead to more hours at the overtime premium. But high inflation in the 1970’s, combined with the mass unemployment of the 1980’s led to a shift in union outlooks. Shorter working hours were seen as beneficial in 2 ways - first they could not be eaten away by inflation like an boost to the weekly wage, and secondly they would lead to higher employment (spreading the work) again leading to higher union membership.
The job spreading argument always struck me as somewhat specious, especially when seeing that in their negotiations with employers, the unions stressed that productivity would rise, allowing the same work to be done in the shorter time. Despite the employers resistance, everyone I spoke to in 2 cases studies, both of very large British engineering firms, from personnel managers to union stewards to individual workers, loved the shorter week, and it became apparent that more work was being done in the time.
The only firms I heard about where there were problems were the ones who simply chopped 25 minutes of the length of each day. In one case I saw the bus schedule serving the plant wasn’t altered, so the workers just simply stood waiting for the bus for 25 minutes longer. One of my case studies went to 4 1/2 day weeks, lengthening the average day. The other, which showed the greatest success, went to a 9 days out of 10 work period, with each employee receiving every other Friday or Monday off.
Obviously there is a limit below which hours cannot be reduced without reducing production, and different jobs have different requirements. But in engineering it appears that there is no cost to management of reducing the week from 39 to 37 hours, and I would guess 35 would not be any different.