# The Fallen Blogger and the Spectre of Secularism **URL:** \ **Category:** The BBQ Pit\ **Created:** [February 28, 2015, 3:21am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827 "2015-02-28T03:21:58Z")\ **Posts on this page:** 20\ **Page:** 45
**Author:** ![Monty](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/monty/32/47_2.png) [@Monty](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Monty)\ **Post date:** [May 23, 2015, 12:16pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/881 "2015-05-23T12:16:05Z")
> [@truthSeeker2](#): > > Burqa was the one I was referring to. People here picture a Burqa in their heads when they say Islamic clothing as that is what some Muslim women wear. I don’t have an issue with hijab. Burqa on minors should be banned though. Bullshit. _You_, not “people here”, put them together. Your ignorance of what they are is not unwilling ignorance. > [@](#): > > Child marriage is prevalent in certain parts(where poverty is prevalent) of India. It is unlawful. (Avg. marriage age in India is going up all the time and TFR here was 2.3 children per woman in 2012, most states now have TFR of [below 2](http://www.thehindu.com/data/india-to-reach-replacement-levels-of-fertility-by-2020/article6717297.ece)) . (TFR in india happens to be highest among Muslims and avg. marriage age the lowest btw) Ah, so you are aware that the religion you dislike is not the cause of the unpleasantries in our country. > [@](#): > > Sati was practiced by certain communities. that is unlawful , is no longer practiced. You’re sticking with that? > [@](#): > > Rapes happen in every country. It is easy for western media to paint black a country that represents 1/6th of humanity as the number of rapes seem high due to population which in reality is not the case. Everyone supports severe punishment for heinous criminal acts of rape, acid throwing, dowry murders. Obviously not everyone does or the crimes wouldn’t be as prevalent as they are in your land. > [@](#): > > I would say average status of women in Indian society is all the time going up but still is lower than average status of men and it must go up till it is equal to men. I will never be defensive about that. Yeah, right. > [@](#): > > **But that still does not mean that Islam is not the most intolerant, oppressive, divisive religion, basically a cancer.** Ironic. You’re an incredibly intolerant bigot. ---
**Author:** ![Ramira](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/ramira/32/344_2.png) [@Ramira](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Ramira)\ **Post date:** [May 23, 2015, 12:55pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/882 "2015-05-23T12:55:34Z")
> [@Monty](#): > > Ironic. You’re an incredibly intolerant bigot. And a dishonest denialist apologist for a supramacist agenda. > [@A\_isha](#): > > I think the Christians subject to violence at the hand of mobs incited by people like Surendra Jain might disagree. But I’m sure that’s all the fault of the vast anti-Hindu media conspiracy within India, a country that’s 80% Hindu and which elected a Hindu nationalist prime minister, to forge attacks on Christians, cover up Muslim crimes, and generally make Hindus look bad, right? > [@Ramira](#): > > Of course the UK [Financial Times](http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3c6d9a92-2c08-11e4-b052-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3Zr3uTjis), [Deutsche Welle](http://www.dw.de/fear-grips-indias-christians-amid-church-attacks/a-18235914), etc are well known for lying and for making up stories to fit their agendas unlike the religious bigot extremists who would never do so and would never distort to pursue an religious “cleansing” agenda. See that page for his denialism. A hypocritical liar and a bigot. ---
**Author:** ![Ramira](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/ramira/32/344_2.png) [@Ramira](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Ramira)\ **Post date:** [May 23, 2015, 1:12pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/883 "2015-05-23T13:12:55Z")
> [@truthSeeker2](#): > > Child marriage is prevalent in certain parts(where poverty is prevalent) of India. It is unlawful. (Avg. marriage age in India is going up all the time and TFR here was 2.3 children per woman in 2012, most states now have TFR of [below 2](http://www.thehindu.com/data/india-to-reach-replacement-levels-of-fertility-by-2020/article6717297.ece)) . (TFR in india happens to be highest among Muslims and avg. marriage age the lowest btw) this is funny, his denialism Of course in the Maghreb here, muslim majority for thousand years our average age of marriage already ten years ago exceeded [the current Indian](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_at_first_marriage) and now is[26 for women and 31 for men](http://readingmorocco.blogspot.com/2011/03/demographic-change-in-morocco-living.html)… with the birth rate at the higher EU level (2.15, 2014). Obviously this\*\* must \*\*mean that it is the Hindu saturated cultural environment that is the cause in India… _(of course I am mocking the stupidity of the religious bigotry and the hypocrisy in his lies of omission, but there is a genuine aspect to this - many of the muslim (and the chrisitan) masses of the India are converts from the oppressed lower classes under the hindu custom. They remain at the lowest ladders of the economy. It is an absolutely well established effect that poorer groups have higher fertility all things being equal.)_ ---
**Author:** ![MrDibble](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/mrdibble/32/114_2.png) [@MrDibble](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/MrDibble)\ **Post date:** [May 23, 2015, 1:47pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/884 "2015-05-23T13:47:12Z")
> [@truthSeeker2](#): > > The little girls do as their parents tell them to do. This is an Islamic dress here in India (face is usually covered as well) - > [http://182.18.151.124/web/photoimages\_new/2014/04/17/614dceea3cb5e3dd8ded1feaca59deb4.jpg](http://182.18.151.124/web/photoimages_new/2014/04/17/614dceea3cb5e3dd8ded1feaca59deb4.jpg) > Would you like your 12-17 years old daughter or sister having to wear this? (I am fine with adult women wearing this out of their own wish.) Your objection was that it was a hideous piece of clothing. So the implication is you prefer underage girls to be in attractive clothing. Whereas you don’t care if grown women are in unattractive clothing. Again…Eeew. I may not be entirely serious about the whole thing. ---
**Author:** ![Kobal2](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/kobal2/32/20_2.png) [@Kobal2](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Kobal2)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 4:21am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/885 "2015-05-25T04:21:29Z")
I ran into this [random news tidbit](http://money.cnn.com/2015/05/18/news/under-armour-iwo-jima-shirt/index.html) today, and it immediately made me chuckle & think of this thread for reason that will soon become apparent. Summarized : a sports apparel store made a basketball related T-shirt spoofing the Iwo Jima statue/iconic PR shot. People on Facebook/Twitter/email raised a full blown, right-wing, INSULTING ARE TROOPS shitstorm. The shirt has now been pulled. But anyway, Muslims and cartoons and movie boycotts, those guys just plain don’t understand our free speech values, amirite ? ---
**Author:** ![Haberdash](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/h/f9ae1b/32.png) [@Haberdash](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Haberdash)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 6:06pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/886 "2015-05-25T18:06:48Z")
You seem to be confused as to the difference between “expressing your disagreement with speech” and “demanding that government institutions prevent/punish speech.” I’m not surprised, since most Islamophiles seem unable to comprehend what “free speech” means. ---
**Author:** ![Stringbean](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/s/d6d6ee/32.png) [@Stringbean](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Stringbean)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 6:38pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/887 "2015-05-25T18:38:02Z")
> [@Kobal2](#): > > I ran into this [random news tidbit](http://money.cnn.com/2015/05/18/news/under-armour-iwo-jima-shirt/index.html) today, and it immediately made me chuckle & think of this thread for reason that will soon become apparent. > Summarized : a sports apparel store made a basketball related T-shirt spoofing the Iwo Jima statue/iconic PR shot. People on Facebook/Twitter/email raised a full blown, right-wing, INSULTING ARE TROOPS shitstorm. The shirt has now been pulled. It is a bastardization of an indelible American icon of bravery and sacrifice. What a basketball hoop has to do with it, I don’t know… At any rate, private actors protesting speech they disagree with seems to be the way it should work. I don’t even understand what your point here is other than “military veterans don’t like to have their historical sacrifices cheapened by phony corporatism.” ---
**Author:** ![Ramira](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/ramira/32/344_2.png) [@Ramira](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Ramira)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 6:45pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/888 "2015-05-25T18:45:40Z")
It is funny, the frequency that our two bigots confirm even in their native language a low comprehension level or ability to tell when they are being openly mocked and made fun of… and take seriously that like, I think the phrase is “the straight men.” ---
**Author:** ![Haberdash](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/h/f9ae1b/32.png) [@Haberdash](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Haberdash)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 6:49pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/889 "2015-05-25T18:49:06Z")
It’s true. We all know that Muslims are overly concerned about whether men are straight or not. ---
**Author:** ![Kobal2](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/kobal2/32/20_2.png) [@Kobal2](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Kobal2)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 7:10pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/890 "2015-05-25T19:10:06Z")
> [@Stringbean](#): > > It is a bastardization of an indelible American icon of bravery and sacrifice. Whereas Muhammad is just this guy and cartoons showing him fucking a pig’s head are fine, right ? > [@](#): > > What a basketball hoop has to do with it, I don’t know… Nothing. It’s just a random, funny shirt. It’s not even insulting or disparaging of the photo, or of veterans, or of _anything_. That’s what is priceless about this story. ---
**Author:** ![Haberdash](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/h/f9ae1b/32.png) [@Haberdash](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Haberdash)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 7:13pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/891 "2015-05-25T19:13:29Z")
Veterans are hypersensitive babies and American Sniper is, in fact, a stupid, racist film. It doesn’t affect the free speech issues or lack thereof. ---
**Author:** ![El\_Kabong](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/el_kabong/32/496_2.png) [@El\_Kabong](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/El_Kabong)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 8:11pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/892 "2015-05-25T20:11:27Z")
…and Pac Sun is the latest to taste the (verbal) machete of those patriots who deign to police the T-shirt industry: > **[Alabama PacSun store removes T-shirt with upside-down American flag design...](https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/pacsun-store-removes-shirt-upside-american-flag-article-1.2234851)** > > A controversial T-shirt design featuring an upside-down American flag was removed from an Alabama store. I’m sure I’d get a bit more exercised about this if I didn’t think that people going round in garish printed T-shirts are basically slobs. Not that there’s anything wrong with that. ---
**Author:** ![Haberdash](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/h/f9ae1b/32.png) [@Haberdash](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Haberdash)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 8:15pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/893 "2015-05-25T20:15:51Z")
No one bombed, decapitated, or imprisoned over a stupid thing that offended some easily offended group? Just stupid people complaining and someone responding to the complaint? Huh, wonder why that is. ---
**Author:** ![Ramira](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/ramira/32/344_2.png) [@Ramira](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Ramira)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 8:19pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/894 "2015-05-25T20:19:52Z")
> [@Haberdash](#): > > It’s true. We all know that Muslims are overly concerned about whether men are straight or not. I like how you are so good to illustrate the parody of the extremist bigot fanatic with a very poor reading understanding and no sense of the irony or the humor. ---
**Author:** ![El\_Kabong](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/el_kabong/32/496_2.png) [@El\_Kabong](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/El_Kabong)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 8:24pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/895 "2015-05-25T20:24:55Z")
> [@Haberdash](#): > > No one bombed, decapitated, or imprisoned over a stupid thing that offended some easily offended group? Just stupid people complaining and someone responding to the complaint? Huh, wonder why that is. Shouldn’t you be saying something along the lines that Pac Sun and Under Armor shouldn’t be caving in to implied threats? I mean, how do you know these people wouldn’t murder the T-shirt makers? ---
**Author:** ![Haberdash](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/h/f9ae1b/32.png) [@Haberdash](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Haberdash)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 8:29pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/896 "2015-05-25T20:29:59Z")
I believe I’m forbidden from discussing that topic. A man was pulled out of a mob trying to burn him alive yesterday in the latest example of fake Quran-burning extortion in Pakistan: [Alleged Quran Desecration Sparks Muslim-Christian Violence In Lahore, Pakistan](http://www.ibtimes.com/alleged-quran-desecration-sparks-muslim-christian-violence-lahore-pakistan-1936333) ---
**Author:** ![tooldtocare](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/t/e19adc/32.png) [@tooldtocare](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/tooldtocare)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 8:30pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/897 "2015-05-25T20:30:33Z")
Is criticizing Islam allowed in The BBQ Pit? Who should I blame for the following-? The following is not exactly new news but it ain’t that old either 12 yr old boy SHOT DEAD in front of your eyes Updated 9.48 p.m., 3rd Oct 2000 [http://www.themodernreligion.com/jihad/sniper.html](http://www.themodernreligion.com/jihad/sniper.html) The sad story of the never ending killing of Palestinian children by the Israeli Defense Force all in the name of self-defense. Murdering little girls is an Israeli sport it seems Gaza girl said killed By Amos Harel and Nir Hasson, Haaretz Correspondents, and Haaretz Service Thu., October 28, 2004 IDF troops shot and killed an 8-year-old Palestinian girl who was on her way to school in a Gaza Strip refugee camp [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/494672.html](http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/494672.html) UN officials: Girl hit by IDF gunfire in UN school in Gaza By Amos Harel, Haaretz Correspondent and AP Tue., October 12, 2004 Tishrei 27, 5765 An 11-year-old Palestinian girl was shot in the stomach and critically wounded by Israel Defense Forces gunfire IDF troops fired two shots, one of the shots hit a fifth-grade student at the school. Last month, a 10-year-old girl was killed by IDF gunfirewhile sitting at her desk at the same school. [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/487788.html](http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/487788.html) United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) 7 September 2004 At 07:45 10-year old Raghda Adnan Al-Assar was struck in the head by Israeli fire while sitting at her desk in UNRWA’s Elementary Girl’s School On June 1 this year two ten-year old children in UNRWA’s Al-Umariye Elementary Boys’ School in Rafah were hit by a bullet from a Israeli tank In March 2003 12-year old Hoda Darwish was hit in the head by a bullet fired Two 10 year-old schoolchildren were shot in the al-Omaria school run by UNRWA in Rafah, when an Israeli tank fired into their classroom. Bullets fired from the tank flew through the classroom window, hitting Mahmoud Hamad in the neck and Hisham al Habil in the head. The boys had not even been sitting by the windows but in the middle of the room. [http://www.palestinemonitor.org/index.html](http://www.palestinemonitor.org/index.html) Photos of a 12 year old palestinian boy being shot by Israeli soldiers and the ambulance driver who tried to save him also being shot and killed. > **[palestine-net.com](http://www.palestine-net.com/misc/durra/)** > > This domain may be for sale! Three-year-old Rawan Abu Zeid, who took bullets in the neck and ead while buying candy with her friends. 5 June 2004 [The New Yorker’s Israel: Where Objectivity Fails | The Electronic Intifada](http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article2785.shtml) An eight-year-old Palestinian girl shot dead by Israeli troops in the central Gaza Strip was killed while showing off her new school uniform to friends [http://tinyurl.com/99kh8zk](http://tinyurl.com/99kh8zk) Boy of 17, shot by Israeli soldiers, left bleeding overnight to die September 8, 2003 The bullet ridden corpse of Mohammad Abdullah Abu al-Husni, was found yesterday morning near the town of Jabaliya, where he lived in Gaza. [http://www.palestinemonitor.org/updates/left\_to\_die.htm](http://www.palestinemonitor.org/updates/left_to_die.htm) Haneen, who was eight years old, had been shot twice in the head by an Israeli soldier as she walked down the street in Khan Yunis refugee camp with her mother. 28 July 2003 She was coming down the street and ran to me and hugged me, crying, ‘Mother, mother’. Two bullets hit her in the head, one straight after the other. She was still in my arms and she died." ['I can't imagine anyone who considers himself a human being can do this' | Palestinian territories | The Guardian](http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,1007051,00.html) This boy was in his own house and an IDF soldier barges into the house and shoots him dead Mohammed a 7-year-old boy fell dead, still clutching his piece of bread. Tuesday December 23, 2003 > **[Israel Army action breeds fresh hatred](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/dec/23/israel)** > > Israel Army action breeds fresh hatred. Baby is born then dies September 11, 2003 Birth and death at the checkpoint [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/338937.html](http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/338937.html) Three shot in the back by Israeli snipers, one a 15-year-old boy Siege off Nablus January, 2004 15 year old boy who was shot while standing in front of his house. The sniper bulet hit Amjad in the back. He died on his way to the hospital. The second is Amer Kathym Arafat who was also shot in the back by a sniper bullet. The third is Rouhi Hazem Shouman, 25, who was also shot in the back by a sniper. [http://www.palestinemonitor.org/appeals/lift\_the\_siege.htm](http://www.palestinemonitor.org/appeals/lift_the_siege.htm) Three-year-old Rawan Abu Zeid, who took bullets in the neck and head while buying candy with her friends. 5 June 2004 > **[The New Yorker’s Israel: Where Objectivity Fails](https://electronicintifada.net/content/new-yorkers-israel-where-objectivity-fails/5111)** > > Where objectivity fails, investigative and feature-oriented journalism plays a potent role. On May 31, the New Yorker published Jeffrey Goldberg’s 21-page “Among the Settlers.” Unfortunately, his essay is not more than an attempt to legitimize... 15 year old boy & Amer Kathym & Rouhi Hazem Shouman all shot in the back by a sniper. [http://www.palestinemonitor.org/appeals/lift\_the\_siege.htm](http://www.palestinemonitor.org/appeals/lift_the_siege.htm) An eight-year-old Palestinian girl shot dead by Israeli troops in the central Gaza Strip was killed while showing off her new school uniform to friends [http://tinyurl.com/99kh8zk](http://tinyurl.com/99kh8zk) IDF shoots 13-year-old girl in the back with 20 bullets and then the IDF commander goes over to the girl and shoots her again to make sure she was dead Tue., October 05, 2004 [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/485274.html](http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/485274.html) “I have never before watched soldiers entice children like mice into a trap and murder them for sport." [http://www.israel-state-terrorism.org/children.html](http://www.israel-state-terrorism.org/children.html) [http://tinyurl.com/8rmn2g3](http://tinyurl.com/8rmn2g3) .,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.Islam did not carry out the acts above, so who did-? Just asking ---
**Author:** ![Colibri](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/colibri/32/1841_2.png) [@Colibri](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Colibri)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 8:42pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/898 "2015-05-25T20:42:26Z")
[Moderator Note] The above post was originally posted in [this thread](http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showthread.php?t=757460) in ATMB. Since it didn’t belong in ATMB and was in relation to this thread, I have moved it here. ---
**Author:** ![tooldtocare](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/t/e19adc/32.png) [@tooldtocare](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/tooldtocare)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 8:47pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/899 "2015-05-25T20:47:44Z")
New link ~~~~~~~~~~~ “I have never before watched soldiers entice children like mice into a trap and murder them for sport." [http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x\_article=4&x\_context=2](http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_article=4&x_context=2) ---
**Author:** ![Ibn\_Warraq](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/i/e19b73/32.png) [@Ibn\_Warraq](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Ibn_Warraq)\ **Post date:** [May 25, 2015, 8:53pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827/900 "2015-05-25T20:53:49Z")
> [@Haberdash](#): > > Veterans are hypersensitive babies and American Sniper is, in fact, a stupid, racist film. > > It doesn’t affect the free speech issues or lack thereof. Huh? When did anyone refer to the movie American Sniper? May I ask where you went to school, because if you went to private school your parents should demand a refund, but if you went to public school, I’d like my tax money back. [Previous page](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827.md?page=44) [Next page](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-fallen-blogger-and-the-spectre-of-secularism/713827.md?page=46)