# The marshmallow test - delayed gratification and emotional IQ **URL:** \ **Category:** In My Humble Opinion\ **Created:** [August 10, 2021, 7:55am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365 "2021-08-10T07:55:52Z")\ **Posts on this page:** 20\ **Page:** 1
**Author:** ![Heffalump\_and\_Roo](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/heffalump_and_roo/32/7691_2.png) [@Heffalump\_and\_Roo](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Heffalump_and_Roo)\ **Post date:** [August 10, 2021, 7:55am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/1 "2021-08-10T07:55:52Z")
Continuing the discussion from [Convincing acquaintances, friends, and family to get vaccinated](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/convincing-acquaintances-friends-and-family-to-get-vaccinated/948172/47): The marshmallow test is a test often given to children. It is supposed to test their ability to delay gratification and has been linked to emotional IQ and success in some studies… [Marshmallow Test Experiment and Delayed Gratification](https://www.simplypsychology.org/marshmallow-test.html) I was interested in **psychobunny** ’s quote and got **psychobunny’**'s permission to ask more about the marshmallow test measures. > [@Convincing acquaintances, friends, and family to get vaccinated](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/convincing-acquaintances-friends-and-family-to-get-vaccinated/948172/47): > > Once again-the marshmallow test is not a pass/fail test. There is no right answer. It was designed to see what mechanisms children use to delay gratification but specifically does not assert that delaying gratification or not delaying gratification is better. While subsequent studies show a correlation between ability to delay gratification and pursuit of higher education, that does not mean this this is in any way preferable to not delaying gratification. > (As one of the original subjects-I feel that I have the authority to have the definitive answer on this. No-I have no idea how I performed on this experiment but I do blame the researchers for equating sweets with a reward and contributing to a lifetime of weight issues). Does the marshmallow test forecast future success? Is delayed gratification an indicator of success? Is delayed gratification a good thing? ---
**Author:** ![psychobunny](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/p/54ee81/32.png) [@psychobunny](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/psychobunny)\ **Post date:** [August 10, 2021, 8:05am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/2 "2021-08-10T08:05:30Z")
This depends on how you identify success. Delayed gratification seemed to correlate with higher SAT scores. However, the numbers in the original study were small and more concentrated on questions of whether being able to see the treats made it harder to delay gratification (yes) or whether being told to think happy thoughts made it easier (also yes). Subsequent studies have shown that academic success correlates with delayed gratification, but this effect disappears when you control for socioeconomic status. In other words, children of higher socioeconomic status are more able to delay gratification. This may be related to parental modeling, where those of higher economic status are more likely to be able to save up for things and children are more able to trust that promises of treats, etc will be kept. There is also a direct correlation between socioeconomic status and higher education. In other words, if you grow up in a poor family, you will be less likely to trust that you will indeed get a treat after waiting and you also will be less likely to have high SAT scores or to pursue higher education (what the experiment calls academic success). ---
**Author:** ![Machine\_Elf](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/m/82dd89/32.png) [@Machine\_Elf](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Machine_Elf)\ **Post date:** [August 10, 2021, 10:51am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/3 "2021-08-10T10:51:49Z")
> [@Heffalump\_and\_Roo](#): > > Is delayed gratification a good thing? Is this a rhetorical question? The ability to invest your resources in an endeavor that bears fruit later instead of immediately enables you to achieve all kinds of things in life. The first thing that comes to mind for most people is the ability to save money for your future instead of pursuing instant gratification. But it can also be about finishing your homework so you’ll get a good grade a week from now, or finishing your classes so you’ll get a degree a few years from now. It can also be about resisting the urge to lash out in a moment of anger or frustration in a way that compromises your future, (e.g. road rage, bar fights, domestic violence), or pausing during the heat of passion so you can take steps to avoid an unwanted pregnancy. As with anything, it can be taken to excess. A person who lives a miserably ascetic life so as to accumulate a massive retirement nest egg is probably not making a wise choice, especially since they (like any of us) might not live long enough to enjoy the delayed fruits of their labor. Balance between delayed gratification and living in the now is healthy, but the ability to delay gratification is a necessary tool for achieving that balance ---
**Author:** ![Telemark](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/telemark/32/372_2.png) [@Telemark](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Telemark)\ **Post date:** [August 10, 2021, 12:28pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/4 "2021-08-10T12:28:04Z")
> **[Why Rich Kids Are So Good at the Marshmallow Test](https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2018/06/marshmallow-test/561779/)** > > Affluence—not willpower—seems to be what’s behind some kids’ capacity to delay gratification. Here’s a good article analyzing what the marshmallow test actually tests for. ---
**Author:** ![DemonTree](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/demontree/32/8646_2.png) [@DemonTree](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/DemonTree)\ **Post date:** [August 10, 2021, 12:34pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/5 "2021-08-10T12:34:06Z")
I’d like to know if only children do better at the marshmallow test. When I was growing up with siblings, leaving a snack for later often meant never. ---
**Author:** ![Thudlow\_Boink](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/thudlow_boink/32/320_2.png) [@Thudlow\_Boink](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Thudlow_Boink)\ **Post date:** [August 10, 2021, 12:43pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/6 "2021-08-10T12:43:56Z")
> [@Heffalump\_and\_Roo](#): > > The marshmallow test is a test often given to children. Is this true? I knew about the Marshmallow Test as a famous psychological experiment, and that it had been done more than once, but is it a regular thing? ---
**Author:** ![Thudlow\_Boink](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/thudlow_boink/32/320_2.png) [@Thudlow\_Boink](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Thudlow_Boink)\ **Post date:** [August 10, 2021, 12:48pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/7 "2021-08-10T12:48:30Z")
> [@Heffalump\_and\_Roo](#): > > Is delayed gratification an indicator of success? Is delayed gratification a good thing? It seems like a no-brainer that the _ability_ to delay gratification is a good thing and is necessary for certain kinds of success (see @Machine_Elf’s post). That doesn’t mean that delaying gratification is necessarily the best thing to do in every circumstance. > [@DemonTree](#): > > When I was growing up with siblings, leaving a snack for later often meant never. And this is one criticism of the marshmallow test that I’ve seen: that it tests not just the _ability_ to delay gratification, but the sense of security and trust that the promised rewards will indeed be available later if you do delay gratification. ---
**Author:** ![hibernicus](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/hibernicus/32/2802_2.png) [@hibernicus](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/hibernicus)\ **Post date:** [August 10, 2021, 8:44pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/8 "2021-08-10T20:44:20Z")
I’ve heard and read many second-hand descriptions of the marshmallow experiment (they didn’t even all agree on the type of sweet involved), and I’m very dubious about the supposed conclusions. If the test is in part a measure of a child’s willingness and ability to delay gratification, it is surely also a measure of a child’s willingness to trust adults’ promises. The lived experience of children is that adults’ promises to children are so lightly made and routinely broken as to be almost worthless. For all the child knows, the adult will return after the agreed time and take away the marshmallow. (And indeed, this could be the design of a different psychological experiment.) Eating the marshmallow in front of you may well be the rational choice. ---
**Author:** ![thorny\_locust](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/thorny_locust/32/431_2.png) [@thorny\_locust](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/thorny_locust)\ **Post date:** [August 10, 2021, 9:45pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/9 "2021-08-10T21:45:12Z")
> [@hibernicus](#): > > The lived experience of children is that adults’ promises to children are so lightly made and routinely broken as to be almost worthless. That actually depends on the adults. My parents were pretty good about it – to the point at which my mother, to my frustration, often refused to make definite promises. One of my clearer early memories is of my first day at kindergarten, which I recall as rather a disaster in various ways, starting with the discovery that although we were clearly told that we didn’t have to pick a number and write it all over a piece of paper, in practice if I didn’t want to do it they were going to hassle me until I did. I was so astonished that the grownups had lied to me that I didn’t get around to complaining about this for years. ---
**Author:** ![Thudlow\_Boink](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/thudlow_boink/32/320_2.png) [@Thudlow\_Boink](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Thudlow_Boink)\ **Post date:** [August 10, 2021, 11:57pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/10 "2021-08-10T23:57:04Z")
> [@thorny\_locust](#): > > > [@hibernicus](#): > > > > The lived experience of children is that adults’ promises to children are so lightly made and routinely broken as to be almost worthless. > > That actually depends on the adults. Yeah, that wasn’t my “lived experience,” at least as far as I can remember; and I trust my memory pretty well because throughout my life, my parents have been honest people, not the type to lightly make and routinely break promises. Which may support @hibernicus’s point, that the test measured the children’s willingness to trust adult promises—which may vary according to how trustworthy they have found the adults in their lives to be. Although, that may be one of the factors that determines a child’s willingness and ability to delay gratification. ---
**Author:** ![Grrr](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/grrr/32/146_2.png) [@Grrr](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Grrr)\ **Post date:** [August 11, 2021, 12:32am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/11 "2021-08-11T00:32:17Z")
And it’s not just parents. Kid’s themselves have a pretty strong honor code when it comes to keeping promises among their friends. #pinky swear ---
**Author:** ![thorny\_locust](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/thorny_locust/32/431_2.png) [@thorny\_locust](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/thorny_locust)\ **Post date:** [August 11, 2021, 1:36am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/12 "2021-08-11T01:36:37Z")
> [@Thudlow\_Boink](#): > > Which may support @hibernicus’s point, that the test measured the children’s willingness to trust adult promises—which may vary according to how trustworthy they have found the adults in their lives to be. Oh yes, I agree with that. It was about the first thing I thought of when I first read about that experiment: because I knew by then that a lot of adults do lie to kids, and also knew by then that a lot of adults, while not intending to lie, make what I might call hopeful promises to children – they really hope they can fulfill them, and they want to make the child happy in the moment, but in practice they’re promising things they’re not able to do; whether for lack of time or lack of money or inability to get others to cooperate. (And lack of money can also of course cause lack of time and/or less ability to get others to cooperate). ---
**Author:** ![Heffalump\_and\_Roo](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/heffalump_and_roo/32/7691_2.png) [@Heffalump\_and\_Roo](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Heffalump_and_Roo)\ **Post date:** [August 11, 2021, 2:05am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/13 "2021-08-11T02:05:26Z")
> [@Machine\_Elf](#): > > Is this a rhetorical question? Yet you answered! 😋 > [@Machine\_Elf](#): > > The ability to invest your resources in an endeavor that bears fruit later instead of immediately enables you to achieve all kinds of things in life. The first thing that comes to mind for most people is the ability to save money for your future instead of pursuing instant gratification. But it can also be about finishing your homework so you’ll get a good grade a week from now, or finishing your classes so you’ll get a degree a few years from now. It can also be about resisting the urge to lash out in a moment of anger or frustration in a way that compromises your future, (e.g. road rage, bar fights, domestic violence), or pausing during the heat of passion so you can take steps to avoid an unwanted pregnancy. > > As with anything, it can be taken to excess. A person who lives a miserably ascetic life so as to accumulate a massive retirement nest egg is probably not making a wise choice, especially since they (like any of us) might not live long enough to enjoy the delayed fruits of their labor. Balance between delayed gratification and living in the now is healthy, but the ability to delay gratification is a necessary tool for achieving that balance I quoted the whole post because the first part and the second part together is what makes the question relevant. Where’s the balance? And how does one know if they will get the thing at the end? My uncle worked tirelessly until he was 65, had a huge retirement party where he looked the happiest I’ve ever seen him then died a year later. A classmate always waited until the last second to do his homework and did well enough that he’s an attorney today. Many people who put off having kids now can’t have any. As a society, many of the things that were promised are not delivered as routinely as in the past. Pensions are getting taken away by bankrupt companies. People can lose their life savings in the stock market. Many college graduates in the last few decades have a huge debt and no job to go along with their sacrifice. This [next article](https://daily.jstor.org/whats-bad-instant-gratification/) is more about the instant gratification of the internet, but I think it has wider implications. If someone wants something bad enough, they’ll wait for it. People even train their dogs on youtube to wait for steak. Maybe people don’t have to work so hard on training to get that ability as people seem to think. Another thing this research has shown is that sometimes delaying gratification comes at the expense of some creativity and spontaneity. > **[What's So Bad About Instant Gratification? - JSTOR Daily](https://daily.jstor.org/whats-bad-instant-gratification/)** > > The internet is making us impatient. But is that actually such a bad thing? Our tech columnist takes a look. > [@](#): > > The closer we look at research on the relationship between self-control and delay of gratification, the less likely it seems that the internet is eroding some core human virtue. Yes, self-control correlates with a wide range of positive outcomes, but it may come at the price of spontaneity and creativity. And it’s far from obvious that instant gratification is the enemy of self-control, anyhow: much depends on whether we’re gratifying needs or pleasures, and on whether delay is a function of self-control or simply slow delivery. ---
**Author:** ![Princhester](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/p/3e96dc/32.png) [@Princhester](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Princhester)\ **Post date:** [August 11, 2021, 2:29am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/14 "2021-08-11T02:29:21Z")
I have heard it said that the Marshmallow Test has recently been discredited but when you read _how_ it has supposedly been discredited, it hasn’t really been discredited at all. It’s just that the conclusions to be derived from the results are not what (some) originally assumed. The Marshmallow Test still shows that that there is a significant correlation between outcomes from the test and later life outcomes. However, the later studies show the effect diminishes or even disappears if you control for socioeconomic factors. So what this means is not that the Test isn’t significant or useful, but that the reason outcomes differ is (or is in substantial part) nurture not nature. As usual with this stuff, the nature/nurture ideological battle tends to result in people over- or understating results to suit their agenda. ---
**Author:** ![Heffalump\_and\_Roo](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/heffalump_and_roo/32/7691_2.png) [@Heffalump\_and\_Roo](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Heffalump_and_Roo)\ **Post date:** [August 11, 2021, 4:53am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/15 "2021-08-11T04:53:32Z")
TIL (things I learned) about the marshmallow test. Cuttlefish can pass the marshmallow test. > **[Cuttlefish show their intelligence by snubbing sub-standard snacks](https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cuttlefish-show-their-intelligence-by-snubbing-sub-standard-snacks)** > > A study has found that cuttlefish can pass a fishy version of the ‘marshmallow test’ – and those that can delay gratification the longest are the most The guy who created the marshmallow test, Walter Mischel, had temper problems and couldn’t quit smoking. > **[The Struggles of a Psychologist Studying Self-Control](https://www.newyorker.com/science/maria-konnikova/struggles-psychologist-studying-self-control)** > > Walter Mischel, the author of “The Marshmallow Test,” believes the skills which enable self-control allow us to avoid temptation and live our lives fully. > [@](#): > > And yet, even if you’re a self-control guru, sometimes there are hot spots that never quite cool. Mischel has never met a chocolate cake (flourless, these days) that he didn’t like. And there’s the impatience that has followed him throughout life: in research (he admits to calling his graduate students at two in the morning to check on study results); in lines (he can’t stand waiting in one); in eating (he usually finishes his meal far ahead of his dining companions, even at the most formal of dinner parties). He’s also aware that his temper is infamous among his friends and colleagues. He has every tool at his disposal, and yet these outstanding problems remain. Why? “My motivation to change them hasn’t been strong enough,” he says. “And areas like temper control, that I know I have to manage—it still hasn’t become automatic. I’ve become more aware of it; I’ve just allowed myself to have some slack on it.” A blogger [points out](https://www.nateliason.com/blog/psychology-myths) some of the limitations of the tests that have become popular cultural icons. He lists the marshmallow test along with these other 15 experiments. > [@](#): > > 1. Grit > 2. The Marshmallow Test > 3. Ego (Willpower) Depletion > 4. Power Posing > 5. Facial Feedback: Smiling to be Happy > 6. Babies Imitating Your Expressions > 7. The Stanford Prison Experiment > 8. The Stanley Milgram Shock Experiment > 9. Universal Facial Expressions > 10. Split Brain Creating Dual Consciousnesses > 11. Priming > 12. Oxytocin as a Trust Drug > 13. Eyes Increasing Generosity > 14. Money Makes You Selfish > 15. 10,000 Hours to Master a Skill > 16. Fixed vs. Growth Mindsets About the marshmallow test: (mostly mentioned upthread already) > [@](#): > > The premise isn’t necessarily wrong, but saying it’s research backed is. In this case, it could be that other factors contribute to both enduring the marshmallow test and performing well in school, such as listening to authority. > > Dispensing with this idea as being “research backed” comes from [an attempt at replicating](http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956797618761661) the famous study, which found that the results were significantly less than initially reported, and that they all but disappeared when you accounted for family background, early cognitive ability, and home environment. > > It also turns out that there were other factors that could affect how a kid performed on the test, such as how much they [trusted the experimenter](http://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=4622). > > So no, you don’t need to worry if your kid eats the marshmallow. ---
**Author:** ![Senegoid](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/senegoid/32/6606_2.png) [@Senegoid](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Senegoid)\ **Post date:** [August 11, 2021, 5:09am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/16 "2021-08-11T05:09:22Z")
> [@From that article quoted by Heffalump\_and\_Roo just above](#): > > It also turns out that there were other factors that could affect how a kid performed on the test, such as how much they [trusted the experimenter](http://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=4622). Or how about some other truly mundane factor, like how much the kid likes marshmallows. I never cared much for candy, and in particular I never liked marshmallows. (I always thought eating them was like eating semi-sweetened chalk.) So if they had tried the marshmallow test on me, they would probably have gotten a very misleading result. ---
**Author:** ![Great\_Antibob](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/g/e47c2d/32.png) [@Great\_Antibob](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Great_Antibob)\ **Post date:** [August 11, 2021, 5:10am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/17 "2021-08-11T05:10:04Z")
> [@Princhester](#): > > However, the later studies show the effect diminishes or even disappears if you control for socioeconomic factors. Well, yes, but those factors basically boil down to having more money. Yes, that’s on the ‘nurture’ side of things, but a positive correlation between wealth and later success in life is hardly a novel idea or especially insightful. ---
**Author:** ![Senegoid](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/senegoid/32/6606_2.png) [@Senegoid](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Senegoid)\ **Post date:** [August 11, 2021, 5:18am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/18 "2021-08-11T05:18:18Z")
Karen Pryor, a professional animal trainer, got started as a dolphin trainer as one of the founders of Sea Life Park, Honolulu, as described in her memoir [_Lads Before The Wind_](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/72704.Lads_Before_the_Wind). They also did open ocean research, using their trained dolphins as assistants. They didn’t want to give them a fish for every little thing they did, as it would tend to attract sharks. So they trained their dolphins to work for tokens. They’d given the dolphins plastic tokens, which the dolphins then put into a bucket. At the end of the session, they were given the tokens again, which they could then trade in for fish. The dolphins had no problem learning that. ---
**Author:** ![Heffalump\_and\_Roo](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/heffalump_and_roo/32/7691_2.png) [@Heffalump\_and\_Roo](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Heffalump_and_Roo)\ **Post date:** [August 11, 2021, 5:19am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/19 "2021-08-11T05:19:16Z")
> [@Senegoid](#): > > Or how about some other truly mundane factor, like how much the kid likes marshmallows. > > I never cared much for candy, and in particular I never liked marshmallows. (I always thought eating them was like eating semi-sweetened chalk.) I was thinking the same thing. I’d be a superstar on that test. I would have to be very hungry that day to jump at the chance to eat a marshmallow. ---
**Author:** ![ASL\_v2.0](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/asl_v2.0/32/3525_2.png) [@ASL\_v2.0](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/ASL_v2.0)\ **Post date:** [August 11, 2021, 5:22am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365/20 "2021-08-11T05:22:55Z")
> [@Senegoid](#): > > Or how about some other truly mundane factor, like how much the kid likes marshmallows. THANK YOU! I’ve been contemplating a post along similar lines since I first saw the thread title in the feed. I simply do not like marshmallows, and so would have no trouble at all resisting a marshmallow. Particularly a small one. Set it on the desk in front of me, and the hardest thing would be to keep from swatting it away, never mind eating it. Marshmallow for my hot cocoa? Please don’t ruin my hot cocoa. Rocky road ice cream? Why’d they have to go and ruin the ice cream by jamming it up with a bunch of icky marshmallows!? And don’t even get me started on… _peeps_ (:cringe face:) [Next page](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/the-marshmallow-test-delayed-gratification-and-emotional-iq/948365.md?page=2)