The physics of firing a gun in mid-air

An efficient sound supressor captures much of the escaping gas and robs it of its energy, so the recoil reduction from using a suppressor should be an indicator.

This site claims that the escaping gas is responsible for about half the recoil. (About a quarter down the page: “Sound Level and Recoil”.) It also claims that a suppressor reduces recoil energy by 20-30%.