**The Official Catholic Point of View ** (disregard everything you’ve ‘heard’ or were taught by Sister Rosetta Stone):
On Salvation of All Peoples: While the RCC was quick to find heretics and ex-communicate them at one time… there was never, never an official declaration that those people were hell-bound. The RCC never proclaimed that anyone institutionally ‘outside’ the church was damned. A Fr. Sweeney from Boston in the 1950’s was infamously ex-communicated for his declaration that there was no salvation outside the Church (irony of ironies that he wound up outside the Church for holding that belief). It is unfortunate, though, that too many of the RCs (including sisters, priests, and even a few bishops) were unable to make the distinction between being outside the Church and being cut off from salvation.
The confusion comes from the RCC’s insistence that the Church contains the fullness of salvation from an institutional stance. It has the Apostolic succession and Tradition and sacraments which can give its adherents an assurance of salvation through their participation in the Church (provided their heart is in the right place and not actively rejecting God’s grace).
Before Vatican Council II, the RCC was a bit unsure about salvation of those outside the Church. Without condemning outsiders to Hell, it shrugged and basically left them to God’s mercy (and with little optimism about that). After Vatican Council II, the RCC proclaims that all people are created good, are in need of salvation because of their sins (including RCs), all are sought and called by God to be holy, all are offered freely the gift of mercy and salvation because of God’s unmerited love for each and every person, and that all this good stuff comes through the work of Jesus Christ and is fully manifested in the RCC.
Now, it’s that last part which raises the question: What if you are not a member of the RCC, can you still be saved? And, what if you are not a ‘believer’ in Jesus Christ, can you still be saved?
The RCC answer to both is yes, through God’s mercy, and we’re now a lot more optimistic about God’s mercy. And whether you believe it or not, and whether you like it or not, if you do not reject God through willfully and knowingly rejecting the natural Good or willfully and knowingly causing grave evil to other humans, then you do have access to God’s saving grace which comes through Jesus, even if you do not recognize the role Jesus plays. IOW, Jesus is the bridge to God. RCs see the bridge, know the bridge, and cross the bridge confident they’ll get to the other side. Those who do not recognize Jesus, don’t really fully recognize the bridge, or may be blinded to where the boundaries of where the bridge is; but if they are people of Good Will, they still stumble across the bridge on the route to God. One famous Catholic theologian (Karl Rahner) dubbed these people as ‘anonymous Christians.’ And this not different from the Gospel witness in which Jesus says that those who feed the hungry, clothe the naked, shelter the homeless, or visit the sick will enter the Kingdom of God, even if they didn’t know they were doing this for Jesus, who identifies with the poor and lowly of the world. Salvation is for the compassionate, not necessarily those with the right knowledge or beliefs.
And so, this is how the RCC can proclaim that all salvation comes through Jesus. He makes salvation possible, and he is the means (whether one is aware of this fact or not) of salvation. Some denominations will use that statement of “Salvation through Jesus alone” as a test of belief in Jesus, and those who don’t have the right belief (a big gnostic, maybe?) won’t go to heaven. That is not the RCC position.
On Relations with other Christian Denominations: The RCC recognizes the baptism of all churches that believe in the Nicene Creed, have a trinitarian theology, and baptize with water in the name of the Father, Son, and Spirit. Thus, the LDS, Jehovah’s Witness, Christian Scientist do not have a valid baptism; but almost all Christians do. The RCC sees every baptized person as a member of the mystical body of Christ. The RCC longs to be in full communion with every baptized person… but, there are divisions.
Some divisions are based on arguments over authority. Those who no longer recognize the universal authority of the Pope are in schism (most famously the Orthodox). Those who break apart and believe in heretical beliefs, or, whose practices are so ‘defective’ that their lawful acts (e.g., their ordination of clergy, or the way they celebrate the Eucharist) are considered to be invalid (most famously, the Reformationist and Protestant denominations).
The RCC does more than simply tolerate these denominations… it seeks unity. Well, the official RCC does. There are unfortunately the prejudiced and the ignorant (including clergy!) who don’t give the impression of Christian charity that they should.
However, since there is division, the powers that be in the RCC have decided that Communion, a sign of unity, ought not be shared with those with whom there is not that fullness of unity that there should be. Not that shared Communion with Protestants is an inherent evil, but it is a practice that is institutionally withheld until institutional unity is restored.
And as in most human endeavors you get extremists: those who are mean spirited and become Communion police in order to stop shared Communion; and those who ignore the state of division and actively encourage shared Communion. In between, you have the majority who slighty discourage shared Communion in the politest way possible, and those who tow the party line when asked, but they themselves don’t ask (a don’t ask, don’t tell policy).
However, there are valid exceptions to the rule against shared Communion. If a baptized Protestant who receives Communion in their own church (even if that Communion is not regocnized as institutionally valid by the RCC) finds themself in an area where they can not get to their own service on Sunday (let’s say they’re in Catholictown, Upper Alaska); then that Protestant, if they believe in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, may lawfully receive Communion in a RC Eucharist.
Pax.