As I previously mentioned, all the “Chinas” I checked were actually named after the chinaberry tree (especially those in the west), plus one named after a hymn, not the country. I think you would need to verify the origin of those.
West, TX, was named after a person named West. There’s no information on the others, but I wouldn’t be surprised if they were also named after people.
I know this because I looked for a China when compiling my list. But I only need one place per name and Chinatown fills that slot admirably.
Wouldn’t make much difference anyway. While every country on Earth has a west, I want something more specific to a place. “West Something”, for whatever Something you can find. Westphalia, for example. (Westphalia KS will do, so no one feel obliged to provide one.)
As a substitute for all the “fake Chinas”, allow me to suggest Cathay, ND, from an earlier name for (part of) China. The folks at DakotaPostalHistorySociety.org assure us that this was a genuine geographical namesake:
:o 
Aw, thanks! I am not the most prolific source of suggestions, but I love the obscure-fact-checking and underrepresented-country-quest parts.
So I think my theme for contributions to this thread is going to be “Fancy, Archaic and Literary Region Names”. For starters, I present Riviera (now Riviera Beach), FL, named for the French Riviera. Oo-la-la!
Also: Palestine, IL for the Biblical region of Palestine. Palestine, TX was apparently named for the Illinois city instead.
Those are the best additions. The ones I woudn’t get otherwise.
Here’s a fancy/archaic one: Gallipolis, OH, a macaronic Latin-Greek amalgam of “Gallia” (Latin for “France”) and “-polis” (Greek for “city”), founded in 1790 by French immigrants/refugees fleeing the Revolution.
Poland, Alaska, Denmark, Wales, Belgium, Germantown all in eastern Wisconsin
Wyoming is named for the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania.
The OP asks for cities or counties, so the state of Wyoming doesn’t count. However, there are a bunch of towns named Wyoming elsewhere. Wyoming, Ohio, at least, seems to be named after Wyoming County in PA.
Batavia, NY. “The name Batavia is Latin for the Betuwe region of the Netherlands, and honors early Dutch land developers.”
Norway, NY
Caledonia, NY, after the ancient name for Scotland.
Hibernia, FL, after the ancient name for Ireland.
There are lots of Hollands. At least the one in Michigan is named after the Netherlands.
Bavaria, KS, is named after the German state.
The main issue with Wyoming is that I’m looking for regions outside the US, and all the Wyomings I know of are inside. If there’s a region outside the US that a state or valley is named for, I’ll take it. I know there are no states named that way and I’d be surprised if there’s any valleys, which is why I didn’t mention them,
Yes, that’s already on my list. So is the Angola that someone contributed above and I think several others. Here’s another link to it.
ETA: All already on the list.
Eden, WI is named after a mythical location, but at least it was supposed to have been on Earth. 
Germantown MD
I’m calling :dubious: on Argentine, Michigan. Given that Silver Lake Road runs right through it and it seems to be derived from the eponymous Argentine Township dating back to the mid-19th century, and there’s also a Michigan town named Argenta in the Silver Creek area, I bet dollars to donuts that the “Argentine” name is simply derived from “silver”.
I’m also very skeptical of the notion that Greenland NH was named (in the mid-17th century, no less!) after the Arctic island, rather than being a straightforward designation of “land that is green”.
Likewise, Newfoundland PA seems to have been so designated simply because it was “land that is new-found”, namely, an unclaimed tract in early 19th-c. Pennsylvania; I can find no connection at all with Canadian Newfoundland.
Patagonia AZ appears to have been named after the nearby Patagonia Mountains rather than for the region in Chile. Of course, the Arizonan Patagonia Mountains themselves were presumably named for the Chilean ones, but I’m not sure if you’re accepting that kind of second-order namesakeing.
After that wet-blanketing, I turn to the more cheerful task of confirmation.
Yes, Jamaica IA is named after the Caribbean Jamaica, according to this Iowan Facebook page:
I would not necessarily have taken that for more than a local urban legend, but photographic evidence of the town’s tropical-themed “Welcome to Jamaica” sign is strong corroboration.
Similarly, the fact that Siberia IN seems to have been settled by Russian and Polish immigrants suggests that it was indeed named after the Eurasian region.
Won’t take that bet. There’s a couple other Argentines around that were named for that.
There’s also a couple others named Greenland that way. The only reason I put it on the list is that it was named by a Captain and I thought there was the possibility he was a sea captain who’d been to the island.
Likely. Unlike the other list, I was fairly generous in adding “needs confirmation” entries to this one. Admittedly, I was stretching it for this entry.
I do second-order names if there’s a good connection with the intervening object and the original town. This is not that good a connection.
Just for the record, it does not bother me in the least if you find something doesn’t belong on the list. I appreciate that just as much as positive confirmations. So don’t be afraid to supply them.
Facebook isn’t exactly the best reference around, but I guess I’ll take it.
As far as local legends, I’ve found no less than three additional places that claim that a coin toss decided the name thereof. I live in the Portland area, and it’s common knowledge around here that a couple guys flipped a coin to decide its name. (The alternative was Boston.) The three that I found during this project are:
[ul]
[li] St. Petersburg FL where the other option was Detroit. (home towns for both)[/li][li] Atlantic IA where they figured they were about halfway between oceans, so they flipped for which one to name it for.[/li][li] Scotia CA, a lot of Canadians there, so named after Nova Scotia, where the alternative was (New) Brunswick[/li][/ul]
All three made one of the lists, BTW.
Could they have been refugees from the Tsar’s gulag?
Thanks for all the input.
Does Gallapolis, Ohio count? It was settled by French refugees from the French Revolution, and means “City of the French”.
See post #46.
I have Gallia County, Ohio for Gallia (don’t need a second one). Gallipolis is the county seat of that county.
For the region list, I’m not restricting the US place to cities only, but also including counties and perhaps other regions. In fact, I’ll probably change the entry for England to New England, since that won’t be a “needs confirmation”.
BTW, I was severely disappointed that Transylvania County, NC turned out not to be named for the region of Romania.
It is more or less corroborated by a reference on p. 29 of this book to a 1983 personal communication with the Jamaica postmaster, who said: