Right. The various New England colonies got mashed together around the time of King Philip’s War. Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay got united, so did Connecticut and New Haven. Also, Long Island and some of Westchester County got transfered from the Connecticut colony to New York.
I spent most of my early childhood in the West Riding of Yorkshire, which would have been one of the biggest counties of England both by area and by population. It ceased to exist in 1974. (It wasn’t incorporated in a larger unit: it was split up, mostly into South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire).
The last gasp of apartheid in South Africa was the creation of Bantustans, “homelands” for the blacks made up of the less-useful land. No other government recognized the independence of any of them, though, andnow they are again/still part of the country.
All you have to do is look at a good stamp album. There’s all kinds of things in there like Fiume and Tannu Tuva … I always used to love that sort of thing when I was a kid.
Or you can just look up “Former Countries” in Wiki.
How about Hawaii and Texas (and maybe California, depending on which history you read)? They were actually independent nations at one point.
California was never an independent nation by any reasonable standard. The history of the California Republic began when news of the start of the Mexican-American War reached California in June 1946. On June 14, thirty-three Americans in Sonoma decided to kidnap the local Mexican commander and declare independence from Mexico. They elected a farmer named William Ide as President and Commander-in-Chief on June 17 and issued a proclamation declaring themselves independent. American troops arrived on June 23. The Republic was officially disbanded on July 9.
So looking back: Colorful anecdote that can be used as justification for a parade and drinking party? Sure, why not. Genuine existence of a sovereign nation? No.
1946?
South Africa itself represents the fusion of several former separate colonies and countries, notably the Cape and Natal colonies and the Boer Republics of Transvaal and Orange Free State, as well as smaller units like the Griqualands.
The Civil War, the Depression and both World Wars had delayed the message somewhat.
Mid-19th-century maps of Central America show the eastern third of Nicaragua as its own sort of territory, controlled by the British with the help of Miskito Indians (who are partly black.) By the end of the century, it was all just Nicaragua.
Yes, the Mosquito Coast. The Bay Islands likewise were held by the British until being incorporated into Honduras. At one time, the British effectively controlled much of the Caribbean coast of Central America from Honduras to Nicaragua. The only independent remnant of this is Belize, formerly British Honduras.
In the US, the territories of New Netherland and New Sweden have been incorporated into various US states.
Besides the Louisiana territory, France established short-lived colonies within what is now the US in South Carolina (1562), Florida (1564), Maine (1604), and Texas (1685).
Russia held Fort Ross in California for almost 30 years in the early 1800s.
To expand on this: the Cape and Natal colonies and the Transvaal and OFS republics lived on, their boundaries basically unchanged, as the four provinces of South Africa pre-1994. Even now the boundaries of the Free State province are virtually identical to those of the OFS, and the KwaZulu-Natal province is substantially the same as the Natal Colony.
During the 19th century the Boers set up quite a lot of mini-republics in various parts of what is now South Africa. Most of them were absorbed quite quickly, either by the British or into the larger Transvaal and OFS republics.
Yes, but it seems like it was not really considered part of Russia, more like privately owned by the Russian-American Company- since it passed out of “Russian hands” by sale, not by treaty. Interesting and little known part of history.
There’s also the old Province of Canada, created in 1841 by the merger of Upper Canada and Lower Canada, and then broken up in 1867 upon Confederation, becoming Ontario and Quebec.
In addition to Rupert’s Land, already mentioned by Captain Amazing, there was the North-western Territory (not to be confused with the Northwest Territories 
). The old North-Western Territory is now subsumed in Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.
I’m not sure if this meets the OP’s terms, since Newfoundland didn’t disappear as an entity, nor did it lose any territory upon entering Confederation. It lost its independent status, and some of its legislative powers.
If a change in status like that is sufficient to say that Newfoundland is gone, then Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia are gone, and so too are all of the original 13 states that formed the United States.
And, the other territories that made up what’s now BC were the Stikeen Territory, the Colony of British Columbia, and the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Then after the unification with Vancouver Island it became the “United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia”, and stayed that until it joined Confederation.
I think the reason that Newfoundland is mentioned separately is the length of time after the creation of Canada that it entered confederation. The 13 states that formed the United States lost sovereignty when the US was formed, and the same was true of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick after Canada was formed. PEI and BC joined just a few years later. Newfoundland, though, didn’t join until 1949, and had been a dominion in its own right before that. So I can see why it seems different to people.
We can say that today’s Canada is the successor state to the Province of Canada.
New Amsterdam, obviously.
Also, New Sweden.