Well, it is reasonably safe. The risks of a core meltdown are near zero due to triple and quadruple backups, and what people learned from the mistakes made at Three Mile Island (which was just hours away from a complete meltdown). The problem with Chernobyl was mainly bad design (from a safety point of view at least). The secondary containment was non-existent or badly designed, and the reactor was cooled with sodium. When the containment was breached and the firefighters actually tried to put out the fire with water there was a big boom, as is wont to happen when sodium meets water.
There are still some other things that can go wrong though (leaks of radioactive steam, for instance). However, one of the biggest problem with nuclear reactors is what to do with the depleted rods. They contain some really nasty stuff (including weapons grade Plutonium), and are radioactive for hundreds of years, and we just don’t know where to put them at the moment. In Germany there are huge problems at the moment, because most reactors store the depleted rods at the reactor site itself (in special tanks inside the containment), but they are almost all running out of room. One thing that might (temporarily at least) help with this problem is the use of “fast breeder” reactors.
The second problem is that the mining of Uranium is expensive and dirty, and the Uranium has to be enriched first before it can be used in a nuclear reactor. A “fast breeder” is a solution to this problem also. Here is a quick and dirty description of how this works:
You have a core which is (sort of) divided into a “reacting” and “breeding” zone. The reacting zone is made up of regular enriched Uranium rods, or rods with a mix of Plutonium and Uranium (so called mixed-oxide rods). In the breeding zone you can put depleted rods (thus the temporary solution to our first problem: What do we do with depleted rods? We send them to the “fast breeder”!) or just plain old non-enriched Uranium. The Uranium-238 nuclei capture neutrons from the “reacting” zone, and are converted to Plutonium-239, which is fissionable and can be used to make more mixed-oxide rods (or H-bombs, whichever you may prefer. :eek:
What is done at the moment in most European countries is that the depleted rods are shipped to Le Hague in France or Sellafield in the UK. There the Uranium is chemically split from the Plutonium (and the rest of the highly radioactive crap), by sawing the rods in little pieces and boiling them in concentrated nitric acid. :eek: The Plutonium is used to make mixed-oxide rods (or H-bombs) again, which are shipped back to the owner of the original depleted rods. Since most of the Uranium is too expensive to be further processed and used again, it stays at the site (Le Hague or Sellafield) or is shipped back to the ractor it came from to be stored there. The really dangerous stuff is stored in steel tanks that are constantly cooled. Once the stuff is cool enough, it is mixed with molten glass, and the cooled radioactive glass is shipped to some place where we hope it won’t be seen or heard from again (for instance old salt mines in Germany). The lightly radioctive waste products with a short half life are either blown out through smokestacks (Krypton-85 for instance) or pumped into the English Channel (Le Hague) or the Irish Sea (Sellafield). :eek: Sounds really nice doesn’t it?
So, unless someone comes up with a much better alternative, or we actually start using fast breeders (a lot!) even though they present risks of their own (like a whole heck of a lot of weapons grade Plutonium floating around), I would prefer to use other sources of energy (like solar, wind power, etc.)