What if a female monarch gives birth to identical twins?

Los Condes Gemelos
The Count of Barcelona had twins. Berenguer Ramón II and Ramón Berenguer II. The IIs aren’t part of the names, each was the second count of his name. The reason Barcelona had more Ramones Berenguer than Berengueres Ramones is that in 1082, Ramón got sick of sharing the County with his brother and got himself nicknamed “the Fratricide”.

The link is wiki

OK, but that could still happen; it has been known for queens to fall somewhat out of favour with everyone; what would happen to succession if the survival of the queen was simply disregarded and both twins were untimely ripp’d from their mothers womb together?

Or suppose the medical staff whisk the babies to another room, put the babies under a sheet, and shuffle them like someone running a shell game?

Or how about a philandering male monarch that impregnates two women who give birth simultaneously?

Ah, one of Catharine the Great’s favorite reads.

doesn’t apply, bastards don’t come in the line of succession and he can’t be legally married to two women simultaneously.

But the true heir to the throne can be easily identified by his taste for milkweed! :stuck_out_tongue: