In some cases, it is more environmentally sound to put food down the disposal than to put it in the trash. To help convince you and earlyout, here is why… Sanitary sewage goes to a typical treatment plant. First thing that happens is that all the big chunks are caught on screens, ground up and re-injected into the flow. Yes, everything. Large food globs, flushed barbie dolls, toilet paper, everything. Mighty tough grinders make small pieces of everything. (Some places may take the items that catch on the screens and landfill them, but not all. As in any large engineering project, it all depends on the designers, local cost to landfill waste, regulations at the time the plant was built, land available, etc.)
The sewage then goes through several different biologcal processes to degrade the solid organics, eat up the ammonia, and settle out all the resulting sludge. The clear water then flows to the stream/river/ocean/golf course watering system. The settled sludge is landfilled OR land applied as fertilizer. If your sludge is landfilled, then you wasted time and energy to send the food through the treatment plant. But if your sludge is land applied, a garbage disposal puts your leftover ham sandwich back into the cycle of nature instead of letting it get petrified in a landfill. All in all, not a huge impact to the environment one way or the other.
As for the ability of the sewer system to handle the waste… once again, case by case basis. The actual cost to handle the sewage is minor compared to the capital cost of the plant, so if the plant is already sized for everyone using a garbage disposal, you may as well use it. If you live in a town that just put in a brand new sewage treatment plant, that plant is sized the about 50% more load that it currently sees, planning for future city load growth (assuming your town leaders have any sense.) So in thise case, you have no need to feel guilty about sending a turkey dinner down the drain (but hold the gravy, as noted, fat does cause clogs even in large lines.)
If your town is using a 20-40 year old plant that has reached it’s limit, your washed down peas may be just the added load that overwhelms the system. Then your area must install a new plant, and your sewage rates go up. Or they ban disposals to try to lower the load. Then all your neighbors go on a witchhunt looking for the moron who flushed those peas.
And for Jurph, the food washed down is no worse or better than the organics that enter the sewage the old fasioned way. Treatment plants handle them just fine, if they are large enough. It’s just that you have no choice but to sewer yesterday’s enchiladas once you have chewed and swallowed them. But you do have a choice with last week’s meatloaf that is turning green in the back of the fridge.