# What is behind political endorsements \[Sharice Davids for Congress\]? **URL:** \ **Category:** Politics & Elections\ **Created:** [August 7, 2018, 1:22pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227 "2018-08-07T13:22:58Z")\ **Posts on this page:** 20\ **Page:** 2
**Author:** ![Urbanredneck](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/u/ea5d25/32.png) [@Urbanredneck](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Urbanredneck)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 4:28pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/21 "2018-08-07T16:28:02Z")
> [@guizot](#): > > Whatever. You know, instead of fabricating a disingenuous question about the motivations behind the newspaper’s endorsement, why not just come out directly and say you don’t think her background and experience (whatever they may be) are important for the congress, and that you don’t think she works hard or is intelligent (maybe because she’s a woman, a Native American, or whatever)? Why play this petty, transparent rhetorical game? Ok, I dont think her background or experience qualifies her to represent the app 700,000 people and the billion dollars of Taxpayer money of Johnson and Wyandotte county Kansas. As for her hard work and intelligence. Well she hasnt posted any grades or class rankings but she went to most of the same colleges I did (JCCC, UMKC, and KU) and only got a degree in history at UMKC before attending Cornell (again, she doesnt list her accomplishments there). Shouldnt hard work and intelligence have something to show for it? She mentions she worked on an Indian reservations but doesnt list any major accomplishments working on those boards. [Dennis Moore](https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/dennis-moore/17025) who used to have the seat she is running gave up a VERY successful law career before running. Please dont throw the gender and race card. ---
**Author:** ![Ravenman](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/ravenman/32/2929_2.png) [@Ravenman](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Ravenman)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 4:43pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/22 "2018-08-07T16:43:58Z")
Boy, if you keep piling up the same comments again and again about this one candidate, I have the feeling you’re not going to vote Democratic this year. It appears Trevor Keegan: 1. has no experience as an elected official 2. is an IT consultant and farmer, so doesn’t appear rich 3. has no advanced degree, didn’t go to an Ivy League school, and doesn’t seem to have posted his grades online 4. and no political accomplishments ([link)](https://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/181206/trevor-keegan#.W2nLsNJKibg) But on the other hand, he’s a white male Republican, so he seems pretty solid, eh? ---
**Author:** ![Gyrate](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/gyrate/32/3588_2.png) [@Gyrate](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Gyrate)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 4:50pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/23 "2018-08-07T16:50:44Z")
> [@Urbanredneck](#): > > Ok, I dont think her background or experience qualifies her to represent the app 700,000 people and the billion dollars of Taxpayer money of Johnson and Wyandotte county Kansas. That, at least, is a reasonable statement in itself. > [@](#): > > As for her hard work and intelligence. Well she hasnt posted any grades or class rankings but she went to most of the same colleges I did (JCCC, UMKC, and KU) and only got a degree in history at UMKC before attending Cornell (again, she doesnt list her accomplishments there). SHE GOT A LAW DEGREE. FROM CORNELL. And frankly the list of political candidates who ever mention their grades and class rankings is quite small. > [@](#): > > Shouldnt hard work and intelligence have something to show for it? Again - law degree. And presumably passing the bar in two states. Also, [according to her page](https://www.shariceforcongress.com/about): > [@](#): > > •Sharice was one of 16 selected to participate in the prestigious White House Fellowship program (2016-2017). How’s that for accomplishment? > [@](#): > > She mentions she worked on an Indian reservations but doesnt list any major accomplishments working on those boards. It’s important for her to mention it because she herself is Native American. Also from her page: > [@](#): > > •Sharice has lived and worked on Native American reservations, working with tribes to create economic development opportunities, programs, and initiatives. > •Sharice regularly speaks at conferences as a nationally recognized expert on economic and community development in Native communities. There you go. Relevant experience and achievements. > [@](#): > > [Dennis Moore](https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/dennis-moore/17025) who used to have the seat she is running gave up a VERY successful law career before running. > > Please dont throw the gender and race card. …says the man who brought them up in the OP. I’ve never heard of this woman before and you’re making me want to vote for her, just to counter your ludicrous objections to her (I can’t because I don’t live there, but still). I understand preferring another candidate but claiming she’s not experienced or accomplished enough while simultaneously dismissing her actual experience and accomplishments does tend to diminish the credibility of one’s argument. ---
**Author:** ![guizot](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/guizot/32/3636_2.png) [@guizot](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/guizot)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 5:00pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/24 "2018-08-07T17:00:09Z")
> [@Urbanredneck](#): > > Please dont throw the gender and race card. Did you even read your own OP? > [@Urbanredneck](#): > > Why endorse someone just because they are a woman or gay or native american when thats about it? ---
**Author:** ![Urbanredneck](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/u/ea5d25/32.png) [@Urbanredneck](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Urbanredneck)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 5:18pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/25 "2018-08-07T17:18:55Z")
> [@Ravenman](#): > > Boy, if you keep piling up the same comments again and again about this one candidate, I have the feeling you’re not going to vote Democratic this year. > > It appears Trevor Keegan: > > 1. has no experience as an elected official > 2. is an IT consultant and farmer, so doesn’t appear rich > 3. has no advanced degree, didn’t go to an Ivy League school, and doesn’t seem to have posted his grades online > 4. and no political accomplishments ([link)](https://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/181206/trevor-keegan#.W2nLsNJKibg) > > But on the other hand, he’s a white male Republican, so he seems pretty solid, eh? Thing is I also want Kobach out. This is why I am voting against him in the republican primary. You DO get the concept of party primary’s dont you? ---
**Author:** ![Little\_Nemo](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/little_nemo/32/3120_2.png) [@Little\_Nemo](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Little_Nemo)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 5:45pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/26 "2018-08-07T17:45:17Z")
> [@Urbanredneck](#): > > I dont get the endorsements? Why endorse someone just because they are a woman or gay or native american when thats about it? Why not look for actual qualifications? The irony here really escapes you, doesn’t it? I’ll explain; Donald Trump has fewer qualifications than Sharice Davids has. And he ran for President not Representative. But you happily ignored the principles you’re pretending to believe in here and jumped on the Trump bandwagon. And continue to defend the man. So you obviously don’t really give a damn about qualifications. This just more of your usual “tolerate anything the Republicans do and condemn anything the Democrats do even when it’s the same thing” rhetoric. You’re also trying to play identity politics. You claim it’s identity politics when a woman is endorsed but not when a man is endorsed. You claim it’s identity politics when a non-white person is endorsed but not when a white person is endorsed. You claim it’s identity politics when a gay person is endorsed but not when a straight person is endorsed. You’re judging people by their gender, their race, and their sexual orientation while claiming that it’s other people who are practicing identity politics. You should just be honest. Say out loud that you’re a conservative straight white man who thinks that only conservative straight white man should hold political offices. Stop trying to pretend that you live by principles that you obviously don’t follow. ---
**Author:** ![RTFirefly](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/r/c77e96/32.png) [@RTFirefly](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/RTFirefly)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 6:00pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/27 "2018-08-07T18:00:54Z")
> [@Urbanredneck](#): > > She brags about having a law degree yet she has no law license in Kansas (her license is is South Dakota and Missouri). So what? She isn’t runnng for AG of Kansas. She’s running for _U.S. Congress_, where the laws she will be voting on, and possibly helping to write, will be **Federal** laws. As such, it shouldn’t make a dime’s worth of difference which state she’s practiced law in, or has a law license in, so long as she didn’t invent it, the way Rand Paul invented an ophthamology organization to be head of. ---
**Author:** ![Ravenman](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/ravenman/32/2929_2.png) [@Ravenman](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Ravenman)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 6:10pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/28 "2018-08-07T18:10:15Z")
> [@Urbanredneck](#): > > You DO get the concept of party primary’s dont you? Sure, I do. Do you? I mean, you didn’t really read the editorial endorsing her, which quite clearly addresses the substance of your “concerns.” Instead, you engage in a debate that’s somewhat reminiscent of [Jesse Helms’ “Hands” ad](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Lw8_f6_2XQ) in which you say that the newspaper is endorsing her on the basis of her race, sex, and sexual preferences; and you completely disregard her qualifications _even when they are pointed out to you._ But then, when a white male Republican of _even lesser qualifications_ is running, you are enthusiastic to overlook the exact same criticisms of his fitness of office. The double standard you are perpetuating is so completely obvious and blatant, and yet you seem to be the only one in this thread not seeing it. ---
**Author:** ![guizot](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/guizot/32/3636_2.png) [@guizot](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/guizot)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 6:11pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/29 "2018-08-07T18:11:16Z")
> [@Little\_Nemo](#): > > You should just be honest. Say out loud that you’re a conservative straight white man who thinks that only conservative straight white man should hold political offices. Stop trying to pretend that you live by principles that you obviously don’t follow. Right. Otherwise, if the OP were really so concerned about the qualifications (and endorsements) of candidates in this primary, (in which he can’t even vote), then he would have created a thread about, say Niermann, who clearly has fewer accomplishments according to the OP’s standards, and is endorsed by the carpenters’ union. “Gee, what’s behind that?” ---
**Author:** ![Urbanredneck](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/u/ea5d25/32.png) [@Urbanredneck](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Urbanredneck)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 8:03pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/30 "2018-08-07T20:03:11Z")
> [@Little\_Nemo](#): > > The irony here really escapes you, doesn’t it? > > I’ll explain; Donald Trump has fewer qualifications than Sharice Davids has. And he ran for President not Representative. But you happily ignored the principles you’re pretending to believe in here and jumped on the Trump bandwagon. And continue to defend the man. So you obviously don’t really give a damn about qualifications. This just more of your usual “tolerate anything the Republicans do and condemn anything the Democrats do even when it’s the same thing” rhetoric. > > You’re also trying to play identity politics. You claim it’s identity politics when a woman is endorsed but not when a man is endorsed. You claim it’s identity politics when a non-white person is endorsed but not when a white person is endorsed. You claim it’s identity politics when a gay person is endorsed but not when a straight person is endorsed. You’re judging people by their gender, their race, and their sexual orientation while claiming that it’s other people who are practicing identity politics. > > You should just be honest. Say out loud that you’re a conservative straight white man who thinks that only conservative straight white man should hold political offices. Stop trying to pretend that you live by principles that you obviously don’t follow. So what principles do you follow? Do you vote for a person just because of their gender or race or sexual identity? I dont. Maybe I came across badly on this thread because my main point is “why do certain groups automatically endorse and throw big money behind someone JUST BECAUSE of those things”? Again, if she had actually ran for a lesser office like city council or county commissioner, then proven herself good at those jobs- then ok. But the way things are the PACS throw big money and wave their flags celebrating when someone of their gender or sexual identity is running without actually seeing if such a person is really worth supporting. Do these PACS have any kind of vetting process to actually look at the persons credentials? Do they look at the race (she is one of 5 candidates just to win the democratic ticket) and see if they have a chance? Frankly if I was a PAC I would suggest a person like her first run for a lower office before I’d throw $400,000 at her. Is that so wrong? ---
**Author:** ![kenobi\_65](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/kenobi_65/32/13178_2.png) [@kenobi\_65](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/kenobi_65)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 8:19pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/31 "2018-08-07T20:19:36Z")
> [@Urbanredneck](#): > > Maybe I came across badly on this thread because my main point is “why do certain groups automatically endorse and throw big money behind someone JUST BECAUSE of those things”? > > Again, if she had actually ran for a lesser office like city council or county commissioner, then proven herself good at those jobs- then ok. But the way things are the PACS throw big money and wave their flags celebrating when someone of their gender or sexual identity is running without actually seeing if such a person is really worth supporting. I think these are valid questions – but another valid question is whether experience at lower level political offices is an ironclad requirement to be “qualified” for a higher-level office. As has been pointed out already, Republicans have thrown their support and money behind numerous candidates for higher offices who, similarly, have had no political experience at all. Yet, being a “successful businessman” (or an entertainer) has been seen as being sufficient qualification for them, yes? ---
**Author:** ![ElvisL1ves](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/e/5daacb/32.png) [@ElvisL1ves](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/ElvisL1ves)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 8:21pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/32 "2018-08-07T20:21:30Z")
> [@Urbanredneck](#): > > Do you vote for a person just because of their gender or race or sexual identity? \*Just \*because of that? No. But it’s mistaken to dismiss them, too. Someone’s gender and race and sexuality bring with them the life experiences and perspectives of someone with those characteristics, and those experiences and perspectives may be and often are underrepresented in government. If they were more present among decision-makers, we might get laws and spending priorities and policies that better represent all of what our society is. ---
**Author:** ![kenobi\_65](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/kenobi_65/32/13178_2.png) [@kenobi\_65](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/kenobi_65)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 8:34pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/33 "2018-08-07T20:34:56Z")
Too late to edit: a few examples of Republicans who’ve been elected to significant state or national offices with no prior political experience, but who had fame or success elsewhere (and whose initials are not DJT): [Steve Largent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Largent) (former NFL wide receiver; he won his first election, for a U.S. Congressional seat in Oklahoma) [Arnold Schwarzenegger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger#Political_career) (he won his first election, for Governor of California) [Bruce Rauner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Rauner) (businessman who ran a private equity firm; he won his first election, for Governor of Illinois) [Fred Grandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Grandy#Political_career) (actor; he won his first election, for a U.S. Congressional seat in Iowa) ---
**Author:** ![Ravenman](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/ravenman/32/2929_2.png) [@Ravenman](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Ravenman)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 9:04pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/34 "2018-08-07T21:04:38Z")
> [@Urbanredneck](#): > > So what principles do you follow? Do you vote for a person just because of their gender or race or sexual identity? I dont. > > Maybe I came across badly on this thread because my main point is “why do certain groups automatically endorse and throw big money behind someone JUST BECAUSE of those things”? Again, Jesse Helms 2018, she isn’t being endorsed solely on the basis on her sex, race, and sexual orientation. Read your own damned link. ---
**Author:** ![Chisquirrel](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/c/6bbea6/32.png) [@Chisquirrel](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Chisquirrel)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 9:19pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/35 "2018-08-07T21:19:26Z")
> [@Urbanredneck](#): > > Again, if she had actually ran for a lesser office like city council or county commissioner, then proven herself good at those jobs- then ok. But the way things are the PACS throw big money and wave their flags celebrating when someone of their gender or sexual identity is running without actually seeing if such a person is really worth supporting. Do these PACS have any kind of vetting process to actually look at the persons credentials? Do they look at the race (she is one of 5 candidates just to win the democratic ticket) and see if they have a chance? Frankly if I was a PAC I would suggest a person like her first run for a lower office before I’d throw $400,000 at her. For some reason, it seems like you keep attempting to argue that Sharice Davids has absolutely nothing going for her besides being a minority LGBTQ woman. I’d wager Emily’s List has probably done more research on her than you have, given how it’s rather obvious you didn’t even read your own cite. ---
**Author:** ![Little\_Nemo](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/little_nemo/32/3120_2.png) [@Little\_Nemo](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Little_Nemo)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 9:43pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/36 "2018-08-07T21:43:15Z")
> [@Urbanredneck](#): > > So what principles do you follow? Do you vote for a person just because of their gender or race or sexual identity? I dont. The evidence suggests otherwise. You don’t admit you vote for a candidate because he’s a man; you just don’t vote for a candidate if she’s a woman. You don’t admit you vote for a candidate because he’s white; you just don’t vote for a candidate if they’re not white. You don’t admit you vote for a candidate because he’s straight; you just don’t vote for a candidate if they’re anything other than straight. You’re practicing 100% pure identity politics - but you don’t admit it because you don’t see being a straight white man as an “identity”. ---
**Author:** ![Lance\_Turbo](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/lance_turbo/32/6156_2.png) [@Lance\_Turbo](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Lance_Turbo)\ **Post date:** [August 7, 2018, 10:29pm UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/37 "2018-08-07T22:29:13Z")
> [@Can Donald Trump Actually Win The White House?](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/can-donald-trump-actually-win-the-white-house/735325/41): > > I dont know if he will win the white house but I do feel he could win the republican primary simply because the others are not doing so well. > > Now a Trump-Fiorina, or even Fiorina/Trump, the man/woman business CEO dream team, that might have a shot. Neither of these two ever ran for city council. Neither can practice law in Kansas. Neither has won an MMA fight. ---
**Author:** ![Captain\_Amazing](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/c/6de8d8/32.png) [@Captain\_Amazing](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Captain_Amazing)\ **Post date:** [August 8, 2018, 12:08am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/38 "2018-08-08T00:08:50Z")
> [@Urbanredneck](#): > > We have this woman > The[KC Star](https://www.kansascity.com/opinion/editorials/article215975225.html) has endorsed her. But only for her positions NOT for her experience or qualifications. That’s not actually what the endorsement says. It says: > [@](#): > > The Star’s endorsement is based in part on Davids’ policy positions. They fit comfortably within the party’s traditional platform — expanded access to health care, common-sense gun legislation, support for schools and families and opposition to tax giveaways for the wealthy. > > But all the candidates in the Democratic field share similar views on the issues. That means voters must look to experience, intelligence, temperament and life history to make their choice. > > On these terms, Davids, 38, is clearly the best candidate in the field. and it goes on to talk about how her resume and experiences (raised by a single mother, and then went on to get a law degree and college degree, worked on the Pine Ridge reservation, became a White House Fellow, has a bunch of life experiences that the average congressperson doesn’t have, is smart, thoughtful and willing to consider alternative points of view) make her a superior candidate because of those reasons. You might not agree with the KC Star, of course, and you don’t. You might weigh factors differently in candidate selection. And the KC Star even recognizes that, and says that a bunch of the other primary candidates are also attractive choices (McCamon has a broad resume, is a centrist, and has experience in technology, Niermann is passionate about education, Welder is the most liberal of the candidates and his platform looks attractive, Williams has solid business experience. Sidie also exists!) So you might not agree with them there, but what you’re saying is demonstrably false. the KC Star believes that Davids is qualified and goes on to talk about why they think she’s qualified. They’re not just endorsing her for her positions…they’re saying that her positions aren’t fundamentally very different than any of the other candidates. ---
**Author:** ![Telemark](https://sea3.discourse-cdn.com/straightdope/user_avatar/boards.straightdope.com/telemark/32/372_2.png) [@Telemark](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Telemark)\ **Post date:** [August 8, 2018, 12:35am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/39 "2018-08-08T00:35:55Z")
It appears that you feel the only possible reason to endorse a Native American LGBT women is because of her gender, race, and sexual identity. Nothing else she does will erase that doubt you have that she was given a special pass. ---
**Author:** ![Evil\_Economist](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/e/c89c15/32.png) [@Evil\_Economist](https://boards.straightdope.com/u/Evil_Economist)\ **Post date:** [August 8, 2018, 1:19am UTC](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227/40 "2018-08-08T01:19:57Z")
> [@Urbanredneck](#): > > Yeah, she gets all this support for LGBT but doesnt have any of that in her ads. I mean, if she is sooo proud of being gay, why doesnt she mention it? [HERE](https://www.facebook.com/ShariceforCongress/photos/a.1987978961450012.1073741828.1977738355807406/2071497133098194/?type=3&theater)are some photos of her at Pride. Yet otherwise she hides it. Makes me wonder why gays are so behind somebody who is afraid to tell others. She marches in a Pride parade, posts pictures of it to her Facebook, and you accuse her of hiding it? Let me repeat that: you think she’s hiding being gay by marching in a Pride parade and posting pictures of it to her Facebook. Either she’s not hiding it or she’s the most incompetent hider in the history of hiding. [Previous page](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227.md?page=1) [Next page](https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-behind-political-endorsements-sharice-davids-for-congress/819227.md?page=3)