According to an American website you can theoretically sit for the exams without having a mathematics degree, though I find it hard to imagine a non-mathemetician being able to pass those exams.
This Physician recruitment site offers insight into 2002 Physician Salaries.
It looks like Cardiovascular Surgeons, made the most (558K average) followed by
Neurosurgeons and Vascular Surgeons – in fact, many of the Surgical specialties were “up there” with radiologists.
The statistics are from 2001 (Monster.com) and 2002 (Employment.com), but interesting none the less.
Actuarial positions require some fierce mathematics. Being a math major myself I wanted to go into that field (and sort of still do), but opted out the wussy way and became a teacher. Not to say teachers aren’t important. To the contrary, I believe they are a necessary and vital part of the future. Why are they paid so little then? <sigh>
And what about sports? They have quite the salary and in most cases I’m sure there is politicking, but there have got to be spots where it is not. It seems to me they have a nice life, familes in some cases, and when they go home all they have to worry about is not hurting themselves. 
They certainly don’t make partner.
US actuaries are divided into Casualty Actuaries (non-life insurance) and Life Actuaries. In the UK there is but one set of exams.
I don’t know about the US, but I would pitch the mathematics required for the UK exams at typically 1st to 2nd year degree level but very occassionally peaking at 3rd year or even post-graduate level. There are also some statistical topics that not everyone needs to study in detail (but which I did) that are definitely in advance of anything I did statistically at university.
Many people do the UK exams having done a “numerate degree” rather than mathematics specifically. They do fine generally, although I’d say that they start from a disadvantage. After all, the mathematics still all builds on itself – it just means that you’re seeing many things for the first time rather than the nth time.
Of course, the mathematical set of exams are only the beginning. Then you have all the consultancy-style exams too.
Have we come to a conclusion then? Are actuaries the highest paid profession? (Bless their hairy little feet).
Assuming that we are taking “profession” to mean something you have to pass an exam for rather than say acting or professional sport, my other nominations would be…
sales manager in financial services sales (around £250,000 pa easily, lots more fairly common).
Corporate lawyer (£1m a year fairly commonplace)
Ship broker (£1m a year far from rare, but most earn considerably less).
Plastic Surgeon (no real idea but I bet it’s shedloads)
Entertainment industry lawyer.
FIFA registered players agent (some people earn serious money at this, but the average is a lot lower).
Arms dealer (you need a licence rather than a qualification to do this legally)
fashion designer (I know you don’t NEED a qualification for this but they have all been to college/art school).
Any others?
City trader?
Merchant banker?
I am chief of a small emergency department in Canada.
I have no trouble believing the medical salaries quoted in this thread. As a Canadian doctor, I know many of my colleagues would exceed the maximum listed values on some of the American websites listed – and insurance and operating costs are likely lower here too.
In Canada, most ophthalmologists, radiologists, orthopedic surgeons and plastic surgeons who want to put in the time would exceed a million dollars per year, before considrable expenses. As you have a few million, some make less because they make a decision not to put in that much time.
A few Canadian internal medicine subspecialties make more than listed on the maximum value on your websites.
Myself, I am not in that league. I work very long hours, and this would be the only reason I personally exceed your listed values taking into account varying currencies.