I guess the question then becomes where does it have a significant effect? Where is the line drawn. Nothing, nothing, nothing…BOOM…there is now an effect.
There’s a big difference between zero g and even, say, 0.1 g. If you have any gravity at all, then you can do things like wearing a lead coat to bring your total weight up to Earth-normal, or do all of the normal Earth exercises, just more vigorously. That probably still won’t have all the same physiological effects as full gravity, but it’d have some. In zero g, though, those things just don’t work at all.
Not really; doing weighted exercises, or using spring-compression to simulate weight will help to ameliorate (or at least slow) gross musculoskeletal degradation such as muscle atrophy and gross mineral loss in large bones of the arms and legs but there are physiological effects from working in freefall (and doubtless below some threshold fraction of Earth surface gravity) that are systemic and go right down to the cellular level including osteoporosis, cartilage calcification, nephropathy, idiopathic intracranial hypertension resulting in ocular deformation, pituitary hypofunction and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation, arteriovenous malformation, and various impacts upon the nervous system. Just doing some load exercises doesn’t prevent or fix any of that, and while wearing a “lead coat to bring your total weight up to Earth-normal” might be an entertaining prank that crew members play on a new arrival to the Moon or wherever, the reality is that in order for the normal force to equal Earth surface gravity the inertial mass would be the inverse fraction of gravity; on the Moon this would mean that a person would have six times their normal inertia, making it very difficult to get starting and sending them flying across the room or into a wall every time they try to come to a stop or turn a corner. There is no good substitute for living in something approaching Earth surface gravity other than simulating it within a large diameter centrifuge, and even that comes with its own set of substantial engineering challenges that are glossed over in science fiction.
Stranger
Well, as I said, physical strength among humans differs over a range of much more than 10% - just between men and women, the difference is much more than that. So your pre-gravity change woman would still be considerably weaker, on average, than your post-gravity change man.
Some 15 years ago I got serious about strength training having never done much any since high school athletics. I gained a lot more than 10% of strength pretty much all over. It was great. (Full disclosure: a few years later I fell off the wagon and am now back to trim but weak. Oops.)
The difference in everyday life, picking up gallons of milk or coffee cups or a hamper of laundry, was indistinguishable. Despite much more than a 10% change in strength. The difference in moving furniture, loading a sack of concrete or rocks or whatever into or out of the car trunk was obvious.
ISTM a 10% gravity change would be on the low end of perceptible (at best) for everyone except up near whatever is your personal load limit.
E.g. if under normal 1G you can lift a 50# sack of rocks, but struggle and wobble to just barely lift a 75# sack of concrete into your car truck, you would find that under 0.9G the 50# sack is slightly easier and the 75# sack is a evidently a bunch easier, but still hard work.