Just had a look at TVTropes myself, as I remember this most fondly from The Fifth Element. (I may as well saran wrap myself to the bed!) They’ve got Korben’s mom showing up in both the Jewish Mother trope and separately in the more generalized “The Voice” trope, which specifically mentions the overbearing mother as a comedic instance of it. None of the examples cited are particularly old, though.
I’d add a vote for Shelley Berman being the popular origin of this trope. Fits in time, concept, material…
I’ve seen the trope occur in reality.
In '98, I was attending the AARP national convention (my employer at that time had a booth in the exhibit hall). I had some time off from manning the booth, and attended a lecture by Carrie Fisher, which was mostly just her talking about her childhood and early career.
Her mother, Debbie Reynolds, was also attending the convention (she was performing that evening), and was watching the lecture from offstage. On several occasions, Carrie would make a particular observation about her childhood, and you’d hear Debbie’s muffled voice in the background. Carrie would turn to her right to face her mother, then turn back to the audience, and say, “My mother says it actually happened this way…”. Finally, during the Q&A session, Debbie got tired of having her corrections relayed to the audience, and just came out to answer questions herself. 
As early as 1950, the TV drama Rocky King Inside Detective had the main character exchanging comments with his never-seen wife (originally the producers couldn’t afford to hire a permanent actress and just used whoever was available at the moment.) Since that was the very earliest days of TV, I’m guessing they probably got the idea from vaudeville.