Finding good numbers for native deaths is virtually impossible, complicated by the reality that most deaths were due to disease rather than direct kills.
AI summarized deaths with good sources.
- Indian Wars and Massacres: The U.S. Census Bureau in 1894 [ Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States (except Alaska)] estimated around 30,000 Native American deaths and 19,000 white deaths occurred in over 40 conflicts classified as “Indian wars”. More specific studies document thousands killed in localized massacres, such as the estimated 9,400 to 16,000 California Indians killed by non-Indians between 1846 and 1873 during the California Genocide [California genocide - Wikipedia].
“Murders and massacres filled the archives,” he said. “Official records made it plain that the state and federal governments spent more than $1,700,000 — a huge amount of money at that time — on campaigns against California Indians.”
These were not official military campaigns, which provide a different number.
“In my Encyclopedia of Indian Wars,” writes Greg Michno, “I go over the casualties (Army, civilian and Indian; killed and wounded) in 675 fights from 1850-90. There were 21,586 total. Army and civilian totaled 6,596 (31 percent), and Indians 14,990 (69 percent). These are casualties, so deaths are more likely 30-35 percent of the total.
Also see:
If we are comparing deaths due to disease and starvation, the native population declined by 350,000 during the 19th century, and “natural” deaths constituted the vast bulk of this decline, along with vastly lowered birth rates.
The Trail of Tears is usually reported at 4,000 deaths from “natural” causes, although the entire expulsion of southern tribes is at least twice that.
I dislike trying to compare the awfulness of a single large event to a century filled with constant but smaller events. Both are wrong.
You are completely in your rights to uniquely condemn Jackson. We’re just offering opinions here. I’m merely offering some context.