Why ought NASA to be funded?
I note at once that, by the strict libertarian argument, NASA ought not to be funded by tax revenues. Of course, by the strict libertarian argument, no institution ought to be funded by tax revenues (I note that this is an entirely different matter from whether space exloration should be conducted). The gripping hand is that the strict libertarian argument supposes and imposes an atomistic individualism which has never been demonstrated in human history.
Libertarians often make the mistake (surprising given their self-proclaimed philosophy) of confusing statutes with case law, common law, and custom. Iceland and Ireland were both polities that many have associated with libertarianism, and even anarchy, but both were slaveholding societies. Anarchocapitalistic feudalism is an almost trivial invention (indeed, it is arguable that feudalism is practical anarchocapitalism).
Now, leaving aside the libertarian argument that neither NASA in particular, nor the U.S. Federal government as a whole, ought to exist, why ought NASA to be funded?
In any business, we note the existence of “barriers to entry”. In some cases, these barriers may be wholly artificial, as, e.g., becoming a taxi driver in NYC. In others, the barriers may be those that are not arbitrarily imposed by government. One of these, perhaps the one that all others can be reduced to, is capital requirement. To set up a new “e-business”, the amount of capital needed is very small: only enough to buy a server and a dedicated phone line, and to set a web site (this leaves out the actual “business” aspect, i.e., providing some good or service that another person wants badly enough to pay for, but that aspect also seems to have been forgotten by many of the founders of “e-businesses”). Thus, there are IPOs for new “dot-com” enterprises every week. OTOH, the capital requirements for settiing up, say, a new automobile manufacturer are enormous. We therefore haven’t seen a serious attempt to do so in some years (whether DeLorean was ever serious is left as a problem for the student).
Now, there can be, and are, many opinions as to whether any space-based business (aside from LEO satellites) would ever be profitable. All agree, however, that the capital requirements for such a business would be considerable. One of the enormous capital requirements of such an endeavor would be the development of suitable vehicles for launch, return, and landing (these are not the same activities, and need not be carried out by the same vehicle). We might, therefore, reasonably charge NASA with the applied research for creating such methods. This would be fully congruent with past government support for roads, canals, and railroads. We note immediately that, in the past, the government seldom, if ever, actually administered the transportation systems that it had created, and it may reasonably argued that NASA, having done the development, ought not to be involved in the day-to-day running of a space transport system.
Having developed such a system, it is unreasonable to suppose that it would be used for exploration. Contrary to the current myth, the Merchant Adventurers of the Renaissance did not break new ground, but established their trading posts on shores that government-sponsored expeditions had previously explored. Of course, the peculiar combination of libertarianism and luddism that insists that, had Columbus not been financed by the Spanish crowns, European economic and political could have been confined to Europe, leaving in the Americas in a (fondly imagined but wholly imaginary) state of ecological harmony will not find this a positive precedent. Indeed, we might imagine that the objection to a space program is a sort of alternative-time-line insistence that the Western Hemisphere not be revealed to the prying eyes of the high-tech satellite.
If exploration occurs, we can imagine that pure research will not be much retarded. Although various corporations (notably IBM, AT&T, and Xerox) have, in their time, advanced the cause of pure research, organizations that must, by their nature, pay attention to the bottom line in the next quarterly report are not ideally situated to carry such research out (nor, it must be said at once, are goverments that have to pay attention to opinion polls and frequent re-election campaigns). Indeed, exploration and pure research are almost inextricably linked; every exploration is pure research in a geographical sense, and statistically, we may sure that each exploration will turn up some matter that will be investigated further.
“Kings die, and leave their crowns to their sons. Shmuel HaKatan took all the treasures in the world, and went away.”