Note that Salmon P. Chase was Chief Justice of the United States, not just a justice. But the real reason he’s on the $1,000 bill is because he was Lincoln’s first Secretary of the Treasury, and thus was the one who came up with ways to finance the Union part of the Civil War.
Also, there was a $100,000 bill with Woodrow Wilson on the front. I believe this was used only for transfers between Federal Reserve Banks.