erislover, the lack of offense of your sensibilities where my sensibilities are offended is precisely why this issue is a matter of opinion rather than fact. I simply disputed your statement that humans are above animals and the implication that humans are not animals. Humans are animals. The species chauvinism you exhibit is irrelevant. If it were relevant, then my lack of species chauvinism would be equally relevant. Thus, it should be permissible for me to chop the heads of humans, pave over their homes or do whatever I wish toward them while only committing a misdemeanor offense.
The Ryan, as soon as I hit the ‘submit reply’ button, I almost slapped my forehead and cursed myself. I’ll retract my assertion and you have my apologies. Nonetheless, you wanted an example. Here’s some mental masturbation for you.
With respect to use-mention distinction, a word is mentioned if encapsulated by quotation marks, i.e., to mention ‘mention’ one would write ‘mention’. See the example below.
- The cat is white.
- The last word of (1) is ‘white’.
In (1) the word ‘black’ is used. In (2) the word ‘black’ is mentioned. Given a list of expressions, they may be true, false or senseless. Pertaining to false or senseless expressions, adding or removing quotation marks may yield a true sentence. Consider the following:
- The last word of (1) is white.
This statement is false. The color of the last word of (1) is black. Yet, if one adds quotation marks such that (2) is the result, a true sentence is formed. If adding or removing quotation marks does not yield a true sentence but yields a senseless expression, the expression is incorrigible.
Consider the following:
- The last word of (4) is meaningless.
- The last word of (4) is meaningless.
Clearly, (4) is incorrigible but (5) is not incorrigible. Therefore, we have (4) = ‘The last word of (4) is meaningless’ = (5). But consider the following argument:
- (4) = ‘The last word of (4) is meaningless’.
- (5) = ‘The last word of (4) is meaningless’.
- (4) = (5)
- (4) is incorrigible.
- (5) is not incorrigible.
- (4) does not equal (5).
Note here that we have a contradiction between the indiscernibility and identicals or the transitivity of identity. Despite that dilemma, let’s compound the sentences a bit.
- (4) = ‘The last word of (4) is meaningless’ and (5) = ‘The last word of (4) is meaningless’.
Now, consider modus tollens of the form:
If A then B.
Not B.
Therefore, not A.
Substitute A for (12) and B for (8), yielding:
If (4) = ‘The last word of (4) is meaningless’ and (5) = ‘The last word of (4) is meaningless’ then (4) = (5).
Not (4) = (5)……………………{i.e., (11)}
Therefore, not (4) = ‘The last word of (4) is meaningless’ and (5) = ‘The last word of (4) is meaningless’……{which is absurd}
So, here’s your long-winded example of a true value for “If A then B”, a true value for “not B” and an untrue value for “not A”. I realize that this example exploits the apparent contradiction between the indiscernability of identicals and the transitivity of identity. That is why I retract my statement and submit my apologies. Carry on and have fun with the puzzle.