They shouldn’t take all of the blame of course, as, like you say, there were a number of factors that lead to them not having enough fuel. However each of the pilots made critical errors that, IMO, showed a fundamental lack of airmanship on the day.
The first one was the First Officer using a conversion figure for the new metric system without bothering to check it was the right one. That resulted in the aircraft being loaded with half as much fuel as it should have been.
The second was the Captain failing to cross check the amount of fuel on board. Normally a cross check should be made between what the fuel gauges say and what the figure from the fuel receipt says. Because the gauges weren’t available they should have used another method of ensuring they had the fuel they thought they had. This is where they should have used the fuel dip system. It was used prior to filling up, but not afterwards. In our company we take our fuel policy very seriously because on almost every flight we plan to come home with minimum legal fuel reserves. The principals are the same for any aeroplane though.
The faulty gauges didn’t cause the problem, they were just another link in the chain of errors, ommisions, and technical faults. It is interesting to note that the same crew on the same day in an aircraft with working gauges would still have loaded the wrong amount of fuel as the fuel loading errors were entirely due to human error and inadequate training on the metric system. However they would have caught their mistake when they checked the fuel gauges.
Unfortunately the errors were made and the rest is history. Fortunately they did a really good job once the shit hit the fan and they came away unscathed.
I’m sorry Sattua but I can’t say that turbulence is never dangerous. However it is the pilots job to fly you around dangerous turbulence (most of which occurs inside severe thunderstorms.) And it is unlikely that you will ever be put in to that situation. The vast majority of turbulence is uncomfortable, sometimes extremely uncomfortable, but not dangerous.