I played with Samsung Dex on my old Galaxy S8 some. At first Samsung crippled it by requiring a “Dex compliant,” aka “bought from Samsung,” dock. When they eased that restriction I could plug my phone into a cheap USB-C multi-function adapter and get my phone on a monitor with a keyboard and stuff attached.
It was a cool party trick, but the S8 just wasn’t quite fast enough to be useful. Browsing and apps were a bit sluggish. 5+ years or so on, I bet current top-of-the-line phones would work better.
The problem is that I think cloud storage has filled the niche a docking phone was hoping to offer. The idea being I could create (for example) a spreadsheet in desktop mode, then go out into the field and reference or update my spreadsheet just on the phone. I do that now, but because the spreadsheet is stored in the cloud, not because it is stored on the all-in-one phone/desktop device.