For nearly two decades, in the first half of the 20th century, an unprecedented mass movement, promoting and enforcing “godlessness,” spread everywhere from Kiev to Vladivostok. By 1932, the movement’s high-water mark, over five million Soviet citizens had joined the “League of the Militant Godless.” Dozens of “museums of religion” occupied former churches, preaching the atheist gospel. Aviators took Siberian peasants on flights high above the taiga, demonstrating that neither god nor angels lived in the sky. An “agit-train” called “The Godless Express” crisscrossed the USSR, its passengers distributing thousands of atheist tracts, desecrating the remains of saints, publicly celebrating a derisive “anti-Christmas.” Atheism became an academic discipline, complete with respected institutes, peer-reviewed journals, and tedious conferences. Filmmakers, illustrators, and painters produced an outpouring of work, blasting belief and superstition. For one season in Moscow, a theater called The Atheist mocked God from the stage.
…
Atheist journals flourished from the early 1920s: The Godless at the Workbench, The Anti-Religious, and Militant Atheism. The Bolshevik faith in print persuasion was boundless: both describing and directing anti-religious work, these publications were by turns incisive and thoughtful, graphically stunning, malicious and hectoring. From the most prominent of them—The Godless, a weekly newspaper established in 1922—would emerge the organization The League of the Militant Godless.
The League was established in 1925, with the stated aim of transforming “Holy Russia” into “an atheistic Soviet Union." Party members, activist youth, intellectuals, and workers were among the members. Possibly the largest atheist organization in history, the League soon had its hand in almost everything: journalism, book publishing, education, supervision of the new atheist museums, policymaking, and more. Special emphasis was placed on opening cells in the countryside, beachheads for the spread of atheist teaching. The League even boasted a few branches outside the Soviet Union.
Ceaseless publishing activity undertaken by the League—massive even by Soviet standards—supplied these local activists: by one estimate, the State Publishing House, working closely with the League, issued 140,000,000 copies of over 1,800 atheist titles between 1928 and 1940, and perhaps as many as 44,000,000 pieces of anti-religious literature in 1930 alone. One of the classics was entitled How Gods and Goddesses are Born, Live, and Die (1923) a didactic work by the league’s tireless founder, Emelyan Yaroslavsky, who was reported to enjoy the confidence of Dictator Stalin himself.
League members vowed to create a new atheist culture, adapted to the needs of building socialism. Atheist study groups, reading circles, and correspondence courses proliferated; self-help guides, such as Teach Yourself to Be Godless, were widely distributed. Soviet schools and workplaces had “godless corners”, informative collections of posters, brochures, newspapers, and photographs which echoed the “icon corners," of Orthodox tradition. (They stood along side the “red corners” and “Lenin corners” of the time.)