For starter, Boardgamegeek.com is kind of intimidatingly big for a website, but the rankings are useful.
I play a LOT of boardgames; actually more than I want to (the group I’m in loves to try new stuff instead of playing the good stuff one more time). Like others, I will strongly recommend:
Puerto Rico – a wonderful game mechanic prevents the “nothing to do during other peoples’ turns” problem. There’s a reason this has consistently ranked 4th on Boardgamegeek’s list for years.
Dominion – at one point it unseated Puerto Rico, before slipping down a few ranks, perhaps due to overexposure – it’s wildly popular. If you use expansions, Dominion offers orders of magnitude more variety in game play than most others in this thread.
7 Wonders – a great game; although it has abstracted warfare in it, it doesn’t penalize the “loser” of these wars much, so it doesn’t breed as much unhappiness as some games. Helps to use a scoring app though, as scoring can be complex.
My newest hot discovery is Manhattan Project by Minion Games. Its looks are deceiving; 1940s style art and the dry topic may make it look dull. But it’s a “worker placement” game where the board is extremely fluid and there are a LOT of angles to consider and ways to interact. Halfway through my first game I made a note to buy a copy for myself.
Ra – the auction game that made me stop hating auction games. Well, okay, it’s the only one I like. Simple in appearance but fun.
I like Seasons too, but not as much as ones the above. It can be hard to find; I just special-ordered it and the expansions for my wife’s nephew recently.
Power Grid and Ticket to Ride are well-reviewed, but don’t quite float my boat. Lots of players love them though.
Munchkin is fun IF you understand its roots in D&D culture, but in our group, it has a reputation as the longest game anybody actually plays, and it does suffer from the “I’ll be on my smartphone until it’s my turn again” problem.
Regarding the Dominion nitpicking…a lot of the people I play with LIKE it being less interactive; they want to build their own little kingdom without interference. But there are a lot of attack and interaction-forcing cards in the expansions (most predictably, the Intrigue expansion is notorious for player-on-player attacks). More interactions might change your opinion.
Also, buying Silver and Gold and going directly for Provinces is called the “Big Money” strategy. It’s good…but there are lots of strategies that beat it (particularly “engines” relying on draw power and extra actions). In fact, the Dominion Strategy Wiki has a fairly technical article on Big Money that suggests that the test of a good strategy should be “does it beat Big Money?”
Regarding the “someone gets ahead early” issue, Dominion has a big balancing factor that slows the player(s) in the lead: scoring cards (Victory point cards like Provinces, Duchies, and Estates) do nothing for your hand. Buying a lot of them means drawing a lot of them – and doing it early means drawing them early – filling your hand with “dead” cards that weaken your turn. Is that mechanic not working well for you guys? It’s notorious around here.