Someone will be around in a minute with some better info I’m sure, but for the basics:
Kevlar is a trademark name for a material, not a a brand as such. It’s the same as Teflon in that regard. And in the same way that you can’t buy Teflon brand frying pan or iron but can buy a GE or Pansonic brand made with Teflon, so you can’t buy a Kevlar brand vest (AFAIK) but you can buy dozens of brands made with Kevlar.
And the quality and construction vests containing Kevlar varies immensely.
Following on from the above, the construction of vests varies immensely. It’s not primarily an issue of thickness. Vests are “tailored” in different ways. Some are easier to move in. Some provide protection to the groin, neck and shoulders, some don’t. Some are made in multiple, modular pieces so that you don’t have to discard the whole vest as it wears or is shot, others don’t.
More importantly, many have added materials aside from Kevlar. The most basic vests are only Kevlar, but the more expensive (and effective) vests are composites with layers of titanium, ceramic or gel sandwiched with one or more layers of Kevlar.
Depends on the vest.
A Kevlar only vest is of limited use in a war. It will stop shrapnel or a handgun round but has no hope at all of stopping a standard rifle round at anything less than half a mile. And if a rifle bullet goes through you’re worse off than if you had been wearing nothing. An unimpeded rifle round will often go in one side and out the other. A round striking vest might lose enough energy to stop in you, or even start tumbling. So a Kevlar vest is of some use in war, but the weight and the amount that it restricts your movement probably make sit worse than nothing for infantry.
The composite vests vary a lot. The best of them are a sandwich of ceramic, kevlar and titanium plate. The idea being that the ceramic shatters, dispersing most of the energy, the titanium then catches the bulk of the slug and the Kevlar catches the fragments. These will (allegedly) stop a rifle round at 100 metres if it strikes at an angle of greater that 15o (IIRC). So if it performs as advertised it would probably stop most of the stuff fired at you, depending on how close quarters the fighting is.
These types of vests also greatly reduce the energy of the bullet even if it does get through, though once again it’s debatable whether you’re better off being hit by an intact, full speed bullet at 20 metres or by a tumbling fragment travelling at low speeds.
What do you mean by small arms? No usable armour will reliably stop a square hit from a rifle round at close quarters. And that’s just as true of rifle rounds in 1890 as it is for modern assault rifles. You don’t need anything special, a stand metal-jacket rifle round will punch clear through body armour.
In terms of handgun rounds, any decent body armour will stop them. Hollywood to the contrary, “Teflon bullets” and “exploding bullets” don;t go through armour. “Exploding bullets” for handguns are basically glorified dum dums designed to shatter on impact, and are even worse at penetrating armour than standard rounds.